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Neuro > cardio 3 > Flashcards

cardio 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Is elevated st when there is transient or prolonged ischemia?

A

Prolinged.

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1
Q

ST elevation MI:

A

It is when there is full mural MI,.

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2
Q

Pci what does it do? Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

A

It gives the tissue O2

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3
Q

TPA (tissue

plasminogen activator) or streptokinase are?

A

Clot busters

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4
Q

CAD and MI are leading causes of:?

A

CHF

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5
Q

There is a ______ week period post MI during whichpts are more vulnerable to a repeat
occurrence

A

6

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6
Q

♥ ENZYMES Confirm Dx

A

Troponin CPK LDH

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7
Q

Enzyme specific to ♥ muscle?

A

Troponin, like traped in. When there is a MI the guy feels traped in.

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8
Q

Enzyme that is detectable 3-6 hours post MI?

A

Troponin

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9
Q

Enzyme remains elevated 7-10 days

A

Troponin

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10
Q

CPK

A

Creatine phosphokinase

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11
Q

Nzyme that is seen at 3-4 hours from MI

A

CPK the peak is at c and c equals three. But Troponin also starts at three hours, but that goes from 3-6 here it is from 3-4.

So CPK just know that it is 3-4 hours.

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12
Q

This enzyme remains int he system for three days.

A

CPK

Troponin is 7-10 days, so even through this starts at best by teo hours, nevertheless Troponin is able to help diagnose for another 4-7 days for a total of 7-10 days.

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13
Q

Will cause very high CPK values

A

Overexertion

– Heat Stroke

– FALLS

– Side Effect From Statins (rare)

Theses are all part of Rhabdomyolysis. That there is trauma to to the tissue.

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14
Q

LDH

A

Like da hell, this is what you will say when someone hears that they have elevated lactic dehydrogenase levels.

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15
Q

This enzyme starts at 21-24 hours

A

LDH

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16
Q

This enzyme remains for 5-14 days

A

Ldh

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17
Q

Ldh starts at _____ hours

A

21-24

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18
Q

Ldh lasts for ______ days?

A

5-14 days.

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19
Q

Troponin
CPK
LDH

Start and last for

A

Troponin 3-6, 7-10
CPK 3-4, 3
LDH 21-24, 5-14

So e best really is troponin, because it starts the earliest and even though it does not lasts the longest still Troponin will be great for diagnosis.

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20
Q

Difference betweeen CAD and CHF?

A

CAD is a condition that happens to the heart, and CHF is what the heart is after it has suffered some damage.

So CAD can cause an MI which will leave the heart at CHF.

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21
Q

Eft sided heart failure causes…

A

Right sided heart failure

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22
Q

With left sided heart failure e blood backs up to the…

A

Lungs… Right side heart… Body… This causes the right sided heart failure.

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23
Q

Right sided heart failure backs the blood to…

A

The body, causing edema.

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24
Q

liver enlargement – JVD
• positive hepatojugular reflux, ascites
• hear S3, S4

A

Are also causes of right sided heart failure, because the blood gets back into the system.

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25
Q

With systolic dysfunction the heart pumps out less blood, so it compensates with…

A

Increased heart rate thus the heart atrophies.

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26
Q

Diastolic dysfunction the heart cannot fill enough, so it cannot pump out enough, so although it can beat faster, it can also _______

A

Beat stronger, so the LV gets thicker.

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27
Q

Wit diastolic dysfunction, when the lv gets thicker does the heart get bigger?

A

No

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28
Q

the heart is losing the ability tocompensate for ongoing physiological
structural changes

A

Ongoing… Chronic heart failure

29
Q

initial manifestation of heart diseaseor exacerbation of chronic heart disease

A

Acute heart failure

30
Q

R/I For CHF

A

BNP brain neutric acid
• CXR chest x ray

• Echo echocardiogram

31
Q

Average range for BNP

A

100-500

Like a test.

You want 100 but even better if it is 500.

32
Q

<100 of BNP

A

2% of CHF

33
Q

> 500 of BNP

A

98% chance of CHF

34
Q

CXR will show…

A

Cardiomegaly

  • Pulmonary vascular congestion
  • Pleural effusion
35
Q

Remodleing of the heart is…

A

changes in
-Size
– Shape
– Function

36
Q

What causes heart remodeling?

A

from cardiac load or injury
• Cardiomegaly is an example of remodeling • Referred to as
CARDIAC REMODELING or VENTRICULAR REMODELING

37
Q

Pleural effusion causes SOB because?

A

The lung area is filled with fluids and it causes the lungs to not inflate all the way properly so it would lead to less O2 coming in and the person will feel more tired.

38
Q

CHF Echocardiogram will be able to show….

A
  • dilated cardiac chambers
  • Hypertrophy
  • valvular insufficiency or stenosis
  • wall motion abnormalities
  • akinesis, hypokenesis, dyskenesis
  • ↓ EF (what did I just say was normal?) 60%
39
Q

↓ edema (Lasix most common)

A

Diuretics

40
Q

ACE inhibitors (Capoten, Vasotec)

A

↓ preload,↓ vasoconstriction and O2 retention

41
Q

Vasodilators (Hydralazine, Natrecor)

A

↓ preload and afterload, relax vascular smoothmuscle

42
Q

Two meds that lower preload…

A 
ACE inhibitors (Capoten, Vasotec) ,
Vasodilators (Hydralazine, Natrecor)

Because they do not allow the ventricles to fill up with as much blood as it could have, because it lowers the amount if blood in the body, so less gets into the right and left ventricles and it causes less preload, and also if the blood vessels are dialated, then less pressure is had, with less pressure there will be less blood to fill the ventricles.

43
Q

Besides decreasing preload, vasodilators will alos decrease _______?

A

The afterload, because the vessels are dilated then the pressure to overcome is lessened, and that is the afterload that has been lessened.

44
Q

Beta blockers (-olols)

A

prevent overload fromsympathetic nervous system, the heart will pump less hard,a nd so the pressure to overcome will be less.

45
Q

+ inotropes (Digoxin)

A

↑ contractility, it helps to compensate for the lack of the heart’s ability to do its job oroperly.

46
Q

CHF Classes

A

• I – no limitation to physical activity
• II – slight limitation to activity, comfortable at rest
• III – marked limitation to activity, comfortableat rest
• IV – unable to perform physical activity
without discomfort

47
Q

I class of CHF

A

no limitation to physical activity

48
Q

II of CHF

A

slight limitation to activity, comfortable at rest

49
Q

III Class of CHF

A

marked limitation to activity, comfortableat rest

50
Q

IV class of CHF

A

unable to perform physical activitywithout discomfort

51
Q

First people are all okay, then they get slightly distressed but they are okay with rest, then it progresses to the point that they are very dustressed but if they rest they will be okay, and then they cannot do physical activities without any distress.

A

.

52
Q

Valvular insufficiency vs Valvular Stenosis

A

Stenosis is tightening, so it does not open enough to allow filling, insuffiecinecy, it is lack, so it does not close well enough to prevent retrograde backflow.

53
Q

– Rheumatic ♥ Disease (typically preceded bywhat?)
– Marfan’s Syndrome
– Tumors or Vegetations
Are causes of?

A

Valvular insufficiency and stenosis.

Rub my tummy. Sometimes I get calm(insufficiency) and sometimes it is ticklish and I cramp(Stenosis).

54
Q

Best diagnostic test for valves…

A

Echocardiogram, because we want to see how well something opens and closes so we want realtime imaging, hence, echocardiogram.

55
Q

Echocardiogram reveals:

A

– Prolapse
– Calcification/stenosis
-Flail leaflets
– Vegetations

All the points that can cause valvular insufficiency or stenosis.

56
Q

Prolapse

A

Lose perfect seal, leads to regurgitation, hear murmurr

The insufficiency.

57
Q

ASD PFO

A

The blood of an in-vitro child is very oxygenated so even before it goes to the child lungs it has O2, in fact the child’s lungs will not transfer gases, so the heart is built to by oass that part, but going from the right atrium to the left atrium to the left ventricle to the aorta to the system. ASD is when that hole does not close and deoxygenated blood is still shunted from the right atrium to the left atrium and not getting reoxygenated,

58
Q

VSD

A

Similar to ASD, that the blood goes from the right ventricle ti the left ventricle to the system.

59
Q

PDA fetal ductus persists

A

There is a shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta, and blood gets sent back from the high pressure aorta to the lower pressure pulmonary artery.

60
Q

Coarctation of A°

A

A kink in the aorta

61
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Hypertrophied right ventricle,
VSD, so blood from the LV to the RV,
PUlomonic stenosis, so it does not open well enough, so the right ventricle needs to overwork to bet the blood out,
and Overriding Aorta

62
Q

Syncope

A
  • Vasovagal?

* Fainting or a fall with LOC frequently leads to acardiac w/u

63
Q

Four Testing for the heart

A
  • EKG
  • Holter monitor, long term EKG.
  • Stress test uses EKG and exercise
  • Tilt table
64
Q

Test for a DVT by performing a …

A

Homan’s test.

65
Q

How do you treat a DVT?

A

Greenfield filter

66
Q

Greenfield filter is used for?

A

Treating a DVT.

67
Q

Homan’s test is used for …

A

Detecting a DVT.

68
Q

Since any vessel can form an aneurysm it isextremely important

A
  • Where it is

* What type and how big it is• What caused it

69
Q

What can cause aneurysm?

A

– Mycoaneurysms come from infection
– Pseudoaneurysms are a risk following cardiac catheterization
– Marfan’s Syndrome often leads to aneurysms

Neuro (21 decks)

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