Cardio Conditions Flashcards
COPD pathophys
emphysema - loss of alveoli elastic fibres, septa breaks down, alveoli fuse, lungs over inflate air gets trapped
chronic bronchitis - airways get inflamed bronchial tubes narrow, hypersecretions blocks airways and traps air inside
COPD signs and symptoms
Emphysema - slow exhalation through pursed lips, weight loss from WOB, small cough, barrel chest, SOB, flattened diaphragm
CB - blue skin, bloating, chest tightness, productive cough, fatigue
COPD treatment rationale
bronchodilators open up airways, steroid inhalers reduce inflammation, pulmonary rehab for education and exercise, PEP devices to open up airways, ACBT, exacerbation management
Asthma pathophys
bronchospasms in response to a trigger e.g. cold, allergy, irritants etc.
triggers cause contraction narrowing inflammation of airways and more mucus builds up
Asthma signs and symptoms
chest tightness, coughing, wheezing, SOB, can disappear
Asthma treatment rationale
regularly measuring peak flow - prepare for exacerbations
bronchodilators to reduce spasms
breathing exercises to calm bronchospasms
secretion removal
Pneumonia pathophys
inflammation of lung tissue
caused by bacteria virus fungi etc
alveoli get inflamed and fill with fluid
bronchioles get inflamed and blocked off
Pneumonia signs and symptoms
can develop suddenly or over a few days cough - either dry of productive rapid Hr, RR chest pain systemic symptoms
Pneumonia treatment rationale
O2 therapy
airway secretion clearance
breathing techniques to decrease wob, reduce rr
ACBT
postural drainage
patient mobilisations, increase chest expansion
Cystic Fibrosis pathophys
lungs and digestive system clog up with mucus
dehydration of mucus causes sticky thick mucus and decreased muco-ciliary movement
causes lung infections
mutation of CFTR gene which controls movement of salt and water in and out of cells
CF signs and symptoms
persistent cough with phlegm salty skin wheezing and SOB recurrent chest infections large smelly stool
CF treatment rationale
mucolytic nebulisers, reduce mechanism of excess secretions and thin mucus
bronchodilators to widen airways
manual techniques to loosen and move secretions towards central airways
ACBT to aid secretion removal
general exercise
Bronchiectasis pathophys
chronic condition where airways are permanently enlarged and damaged from a cycle of infection damage and inflammation
decreased elasticity of smooth muscle and cellular walls of upper airways
difficulty clearing secretions
excess mucus builds up in widened bronchi
lungs become vulnerable to infection
small pockets in airways develop and trap mucus and bacteria
Bronchiectasis signs and symptoms
persistent productive cough - with/out blood SOB wheezing chest pain fatigue chough incontinence worsening symptoms with infections
Bronchiectasis treatment rationale
nebulisers to aid secretion thinning and movement
pelvic floor exercises to help with cough incontinence
sputum diary
sputum clearance techniques
postural drainage
PEP and vibs
pacing to avoid SOB
