Cardio and Respiratory Flashcards
Fetal Circulation
-designed to deliver oxygenated blood and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus
Fetal Circulation
Blood vessels
- umbilical vein: blood vessel that transports nutrients and oxygen to the fetus from the placenta and the maternal circulation
- umbilical arteries: blood from the fetus returns to the placenta via these two
Fetal Circulation
Blood flow through heart
- general pathway: the same for a child as it is for adult, but blood does not need to go to lungs for oxygen
- by pass pathway: some blood is diverted away from the regular path in order to facilitate the delivery of materials to growing tissues
Fetal Circulation
Changes at birth
- at birth the lungs begin to function
- the by pass pathways close off and become non functional
Respiratory functions
- delivers oxygen to body tissues and removes CO2
- in lungs, oxygen diffuses into the blood from the lungs and CO2 diffuses from the blood into the lungs
Upper respiratory tract
- from the nose to the pharynx
- the external nose, nasal cavity and pharynx
Lower respiratory tract
- from the larynx to the alveoli of the lungs
- larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveolar structures of the lungs
Nasal Cavity
functions
- nasal cavity acts to condition the air before reaching the lungs
- mucous membranes filter the air, warm the air, and add moisture
Larynx
functions
- air passage way (to the trachae and lungs)
- sound formation
Trachea
functions
-the air pathway between the larynx and the lungs
Right lung
-divided into 3 lobes (superior, middle, and inferior)
Left lung
-divided into 2 lobes (superior and inferior)
Ductus Arteriosus
- blood vessel located between the pulmonary artery and the aorta
- changes to ligamentum arteriosum
Foramen Ovale
- opening in the atrial septum that allows blood to flow directly from the right atrium to the left
- changes to the fossa ovalis
Ductus Venosus
- umbilical vein passes through liver changing into this
- changes to ligamentum venosum
Nose structure
- air intake organ
- nasal bones, cartilage forming the lower portion of the external nose, nares or nostrils (external openings for air passage)
Nasal Cavity
Bone structure
- palatine bones: form the hard palate
- ethmoid: contains cribiform plate with openings for the olfactory nerves for smell and the perpendicular plate forming the upper nasal septum
- vomer: forms the lower portion of the nasal septum
- sphenoid: forms the posterior wall of the nasal cavity
- conchae: upper, middle, lower (act to incrase the internal surface area
Nasal Cavity
Soft tissue structure
- soft palate: membrane tissue posterior to the bony hard palate
- uvula: tissue flap that closes off the pathway to the nasal cavity from the mouth during swallowing
- mucous membranes: line the nasal cavity
Larynx
Structures
- glottis: the opening to the larynx
- epiglottis: a cartilage flap that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing
- cartilage plates: hard outer coverings composed of several sections which include the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages
- vocal cords: mucous membrane folds
Cartilage plates of Larynx
- thyroid: large anterior plate
- cricoid: wraps around the lower section
- arytenoid: small, posterior sections that connect to the vocal cords
Trachea
Structure
- composed of alternating bands of smooth muscle and cartilage
- lined with ciliated columnar epithelial cells which secrete mucus
Bronchi
- an air tube leading into the lungs
- divided into 3 sections: primary, secondary, tertiary
Primary Bronchi
-the first branches off the trachae, leading into the right and left lung
Secondary Bronchi
-form branches leading to each of the 5 lobes of the lungs
Tertiary Bronchi
-branch off the secondary bronchi and lead into each of the lobules
Bronchioles
- smaller branches of the tertiary bronchi
- lead into the air sacs within the lungs
Alveolar Tissue
- forms groups of small air sacs were gas exchange occurs
- composed of: alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alvoeli
Alveolar Ducts
-small tubes lead from the bronchioles into the alveoli
Alveolar Sacs
-formed by clusters of alveoli around an alveolar duct
Alveoli
-small air sacs
Lung Tissue
-composed of the bronchi, bronchioles, alceolar tissue and many blood vessels
Pharynx
-throat area composed of 3 sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
-helps maintain proper pressure on the ear drum
Oropharynx
-section that is posterior to the mouth and contains 2 sets of tonsils
Laryngopharynx
-divides into 2 pathways leading to the larynx (air) and the esophagus (food/drink)
