Cardio and Respiratory

Question 1

Fetal Circulation

Answer 1

-designed to deliver oxygenated blood and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus

Question 2

Fetal Circulation

Blood vessels

Answer 2

• umbilical vein: blood vessel that transports nutrients and oxygen to the fetus from the placenta and the maternal circulation
• umbilical arteries: blood from the fetus returns to the placenta via these two

Question 3

Fetal Circulation

Blood flow through heart

Answer 3

• general pathway: the same for a child as it is for adult, but blood does not need to go to lungs for oxygen
• by pass pathway: some blood is diverted away from the regular path in order to facilitate the delivery of materials to growing tissues

Question 4

Fetal Circulation

Changes at birth

Answer 4

• at birth the lungs begin to function

- the by pass pathways close off and become non functional

Question 5

Respiratory functions

Answer 5

• delivers oxygen to body tissues and removes CO2

- in lungs, oxygen diffuses into the blood from the lungs and CO2 diffuses from the blood into the lungs

Question 6

Upper respiratory tract

Answer 6

• from the nose to the pharynx

- the external nose, nasal cavity and pharynx

Question 7

Lower respiratory tract

Answer 7

• from the larynx to the alveoli of the lungs

- larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveolar structures of the lungs

Question 8

Nasal Cavity

functions

Answer 8

• nasal cavity acts to condition the air before reaching the lungs
• mucous membranes filter the air, warm the air, and add moisture

Question 9

Larynx

functions

Answer 9

• air passage way (to the trachae and lungs)

- sound formation

Question 10

Trachea

functions

Answer 10

-the air pathway between the larynx and the lungs

Question 11

Right lung

Answer 11

-divided into 3 lobes (superior, middle, and inferior)

Question 12

Left lung

Answer 12

-divided into 2 lobes (superior and inferior)

Question 13

Ductus Arteriosus

Answer 13

• blood vessel located between the pulmonary artery and the aorta
• changes to ligamentum arteriosum

Question 14

Foramen Ovale

Answer 14

• opening in the atrial septum that allows blood to flow directly from the right atrium to the left
• changes to the fossa ovalis

Question 15

Ductus Venosus

Answer 15

• umbilical vein passes through liver changing into this

- changes to ligamentum venosum

Question 16

Nose structure

Answer 16

• air intake organ
• nasal bones, cartilage forming the lower portion of the external nose, nares or nostrils (external openings for air passage)

Question 17

Nasal Cavity

Bone structure

Answer 17

• palatine bones: form the hard palate
• ethmoid: contains cribiform plate with openings for the olfactory nerves for smell and the perpendicular plate forming the upper nasal septum
• vomer: forms the lower portion of the nasal septum
• sphenoid: forms the posterior wall of the nasal cavity
• conchae: upper, middle, lower (act to incrase the internal surface area

Question 18

Nasal Cavity

Soft tissue structure

Answer 18

• soft palate: membrane tissue posterior to the bony hard palate
• uvula: tissue flap that closes off the pathway to the nasal cavity from the mouth during swallowing
• mucous membranes: line the nasal cavity

Question 19

Larynx

Structures

Answer 19

• glottis: the opening to the larynx
• epiglottis: a cartilage flap that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing
• cartilage plates: hard outer coverings composed of several sections which include the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages
• vocal cords: mucous membrane folds

Question 20

Cartilage plates of Larynx

Answer 20

• thyroid: large anterior plate
• cricoid: wraps around the lower section
• arytenoid: small, posterior sections that connect to the vocal cords

Question 21

Trachea

Structure

Answer 21

• composed of alternating bands of smooth muscle and cartilage
• lined with ciliated columnar epithelial cells which secrete mucus

Question 22

Bronchi

Answer 22

• an air tube leading into the lungs

- divided into 3 sections: primary, secondary, tertiary

Question 23

Primary Bronchi

Answer 23

-the first branches off the trachae, leading into the right and left lung

Question 24

Secondary Bronchi

Answer 24

-form branches leading to each of the 5 lobes of the lungs

Question 25

Tertiary Bronchi

Answer 25

-branch off the secondary bronchi and lead into each of the lobules

Question 26

Bronchioles

Answer 26

• smaller branches of the tertiary bronchi

- lead into the air sacs within the lungs

Question 27

Alveolar Tissue

Answer 27

• forms groups of small air sacs were gas exchange occurs

- composed of: alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alvoeli

Question 28

Alveolar Ducts

Answer 28

-small tubes lead from the bronchioles into the alveoli

Question 29

Alveolar Sacs

Answer 29

-formed by clusters of alveoli around an alveolar duct

Question 30

Alveoli

Answer 30

-small air sacs

Question 31

Lung Tissue

Answer 31

-composed of the bronchi, bronchioles, alceolar tissue and many blood vessels

Question 32

Pharynx

Answer 32

-throat area composed of 3 sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 33

Nasopharynx

Answer 33

-helps maintain proper pressure on the ear drum

Question 34

Oropharynx

Answer 34

-section that is posterior to the mouth and contains 2 sets of tonsils

Question 35

Laryngopharynx

Answer 35

-divides into 2 pathways leading to the larynx (air) and the esophagus (food/drink)