Appendicular Division

Question 1

Pelvic Girdle

Answer 1

• is formed from the 2 hips bones (ossa coxae)
• each os coxa is composed of 3 bones that are fused todether in the adult
• the bones are the ilium, iscium and pubis

Question 2

Features on pelvic bones

Answer 2

• sciatic notch: located on the posterior side of the illium, just inferior to the posterior inferior iliac spine; the sciatic nerve passes through this
• obturator foramen: (to occlude or close up) located anterior to ischial tuberosity; large hole under the acetabulum
• acetabulum: (shallow vinegar cup) a fossa located on the lateral surface of each coxal bone and point where the lower limb articulates with the girdle

Question 3

Structure of the pelvis

Answer 3

The full pelvis includes the ossa coxae and the sacrum of the vertebral column

• sacroiliac joint: formed by the junction of the auricular surface of the coxal bone and one articular surface of te sacrum
• true pelvis: opening to the true pelvis is the pelvic inlet (brim) and the inferior opening is the pelvic outlet

Question 4

Male vs female pelvis

Answer 4

• Position of the iliac bones: male (taller), female (wider)
• WIdth of the pelvic inlet and outlet: male (heart shaped), female (circular)
• Depth of the pelvis: male (deep), female (shallow)
• Sacrum: male (V shaped), female (wedge shaped)

Question 5

Tarsals

Answer 5

Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms (3) - medial, intermediate, lateral

Children that never march in line…

Question 6

Articulations

Answer 6

area where bones come together, the joints

Question 7

Joint Classification

Answer 7

Joints may be classified according to structure

• fibrous
• cartilaginous
• synovial

Question 8

Fibrous Joints

Answer 8

• Structure: composed of dense fibrous connective tissue; ligaments, strands of dense fibrous tissue hold the bones close together
• Motion: little or no movement is possible between adjoining bones

Question 9

Fibrous Joints

Types

Answer 9

• Suture: binds skull bones together; located: frontal and parietal bones
• Syndesmosis: hold long bones together along their length; bands of fibrous connective tissue for the connections; located: distal tibia and distal fibula
• Gomphosis: periodontal ligaments bind teeth to bone; located: teeth and mandible

Question 10

Cartilage Joints

Answer 10

• Structure: cartilage forms the connection between joints
• Motion: limited or slight movement is possible in the joints

Question 11

Cartilage Joints

Types

Answer 11

• Symphysis: a pad of fibrocartilage is present between bones; located: between pelvic bones
• Synchondrosis: bands of hyaline cartilage are between bones; located: growth plates

Question 12

Synovial Joints

Answer 12

• Joint capsule consists of:
• outer fibrous coat: composed of dense irregular connective tissue and is continuous with the fibrous layer of the periosteum that covers the bone
• inner synovial membrane: lines the joint cavity except over the articular cartilage and articular disks; membrane produces synovial fluid

Question 13

Synovial Joints

synovial fluid

Answer 13

a thin, luberating film that covers the surface of a joint

Question 14

Synovial Joints

synovial cavity

Answer 14

is the enclosed area of the articular surfaces where bones meet; covered by the joint capsule

Question 15

Synovial Joint

articular cartilage

Answer 15

hyaline cartilage: reduces friction; covering of articulation which provides a smooth surface where the bones meet

Question 16

Synovial Joints

joint stability

Answer 16

synovial joints are much less stable than fibrous or cartilage joints

stability is maintained by the presence of ligaments and tendons

• ligaments: bands of fibrous connective tissue bind bones together; ligaments are outside the joint capsule and serve to stabilize; in major joints, ligaments are needed to stabilize and allow movement
• tendons: the ends of skeletal muscles form tendons which attach the muscle to bones; pass across joints, giving additional stability

Question 17

Synovial Joints

special structure

Answer 17

present only in specific joints

• bursa
• tendon sheaths

Question 18

Synovial Joints

bursa

Answer 18

an extension of the synovial membrane that forms a pocket, or sac that helps cushion structure

Question 19

Synovial Joints

tendon sheaths

Answer 19

a modified bursa that extend along a tendon

Question 20

Synovial Joints

articular disks

Answer 20

• a flat plate or pad of fibrocartilage that lies between the articular cartilages of bones and helps cushion, provide stability, and disperses synovial fluid
• circumference attached to casule and may or may not divide the joint space

Question 21

Synovial Joints

accessory ligaments

Answer 21

ligaments about an articulation that are in addition to the joint capsule to add stability

Question 22

Synovial Joints

Motion

Answer 22

• synovial joints allow the greatest degree of movement
• there are 2 classifications of types of motion: angular and circular

Question 23

Synovial Joints

angular movements

Answer 23

• these involve changes in angles between bones
• flexion: bending or decreasing the angle
• extension: straightening or increasing the angle

Question 24

Synovial Joints

circular movements

Answer 24

• these motions produce a circular or cone-shaped pattern
• rotation: movement of a bone along its length, twisting

Question 25

Synovial Joints Types

Answer 25

* there are 6 types, each with unique structure and function

Question 26

Synovial Joints Type: gliding or planar

Answer 26

* structure: two flat surfaces * movement: between two flat surfaces; slight * example: inercarpal (between carpal bones)

Question 27

Synovial Joints Type: hinge

Answer 27

* structure: one bone fits into a second like a door hinge * movement: allow for angular movement; one axis * example: elbow (humerus, ulna, and radius)

Question 28

Synovial Joint Type: pivot

Answer 28

* structure: one bone encircles another * movement: allow for rotational movement between two bones; rotation * examples: movement between atlas and axis

Question 29

Synovial Joints Type: ellipsoid (condylar)

Answer 29

* structure: convex surface its into concave surface * movement: allow significant movement in two planes; two axes * example: junction between radius and scaphoid bone

Question 30

Synovial Joints Type: saddle

Answer 30

* structure: two concave surfaces fit together * movement: have two concave surfaces that articulate with one another; slight * example: trapezium and the first metacarpal of the thumb

Question 31

Synovial Joints Type: ball and socket

Answer 31

* structure: head of one bone fits into a concave socket * movement: multiple axes * example: hip