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A/P Lab > Appendicular Division > Flashcards

Appendicular Division Flashcards

1
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A
  • is formed from the 2 hips bones (ossa coxae)
  • each os coxa is composed of 3 bones that are fused todether in the adult
  • the bones are the ilium, iscium and pubis
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2
Q

Features on pelvic bones

A
  • sciatic notch: located on the posterior side of the illium, just inferior to the posterior inferior iliac spine; the sciatic nerve passes through this
  • obturator foramen: (to occlude or close up) located anterior to ischial tuberosity; large hole under the acetabulum
  • acetabulum: (shallow vinegar cup) a fossa located on the lateral surface of each coxal bone and point where the lower limb articulates with the girdle
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3
Q

Structure of the pelvis

A

The full pelvis includes the ossa coxae and the sacrum of the vertebral column

  • sacroiliac joint: formed by the junction of the auricular surface of the coxal bone and one articular surface of te sacrum
  • true pelvis: opening to the true pelvis is the pelvic inlet (brim) and the inferior opening is the pelvic outlet
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4
Q

Male vs female pelvis

A
  • Position of the iliac bones: male (taller), female (wider)
  • WIdth of the pelvic inlet and outlet: male (heart shaped), female (circular)
  • Depth of the pelvis: male (deep), female (shallow)
  • Sacrum: male (V shaped), female (wedge shaped)
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5
Q

Tarsals

A

Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms (3) - medial, intermediate, lateral

Children that never march in line…

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6
Q

Articulations

A

area where bones come together, the joints

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7
Q

Joint Classification

A

Joints may be classified according to structure

  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
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8
Q

Fibrous Joints

A
  • Structure: composed of dense fibrous connective tissue; ligaments, strands of dense fibrous tissue hold the bones close together
  • Motion: little or no movement is possible between adjoining bones
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9
Q

Fibrous Joints

Types

A
  • Suture: binds skull bones together; located: frontal and parietal bones
  • Syndesmosis: hold long bones together along their length; bands of fibrous connective tissue for the connections; located: distal tibia and distal fibula
  • Gomphosis: periodontal ligaments bind teeth to bone; located: teeth and mandible
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10
Q

Cartilage Joints

A
  • Structure: cartilage forms the connection between joints
  • Motion: limited or slight movement is possible in the joints
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11
Q

Cartilage Joints

Types

A
  • Symphysis: a pad of fibrocartilage is present between bones; located: between pelvic bones
  • Synchondrosis: bands of hyaline cartilage are between bones; located: growth plates
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12
Q

Synovial Joints

A
  • Joint capsule consists of:
  • outer fibrous coat: composed of dense irregular connective tissue and is continuous with the fibrous layer of the periosteum that covers the bone
  • inner synovial membrane: lines the joint cavity except over the articular cartilage and articular disks; membrane produces synovial fluid
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13
Q

Synovial Joints

synovial fluid

A

a thin, luberating film that covers the surface of a joint

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14
Q

Synovial Joints

synovial cavity

A

is the enclosed area of the articular surfaces where bones meet; covered by the joint capsule

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15
Q

Synovial Joint

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage: reduces friction; covering of articulation which provides a smooth surface where the bones meet

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16
Q

Synovial Joints

joint stability

A

synovial joints are much less stable than fibrous or cartilage joints

stability is maintained by the presence of ligaments and tendons

  • ligaments: bands of fibrous connective tissue bind bones together; ligaments are outside the joint capsule and serve to stabilize; in major joints, ligaments are needed to stabilize and allow movement
  • tendons: the ends of skeletal muscles form tendons which attach the muscle to bones; pass across joints, giving additional stability
17
Q

Synovial Joints

special structure

A

present only in specific joints

  • bursa
  • tendon sheaths
18
Q

Synovial Joints

bursa

A

an extension of the synovial membrane that forms a pocket, or sac that helps cushion structure

19
Q

Synovial Joints

tendon sheaths

A

a modified bursa that extend along a tendon

20
Q

Synovial Joints

articular disks

A
  • a flat plate or pad of fibrocartilage that lies between the articular cartilages of bones and helps cushion, provide stability, and disperses synovial fluid
  • circumference attached to casule and may or may not divide the joint space
21
Q

Synovial Joints

accessory ligaments

A

ligaments about an articulation that are in addition to the joint capsule to add stability

22
Q

Synovial Joints

Motion

A
  • synovial joints allow the greatest degree of movement
  • there are 2 classifications of types of motion: angular and circular
23
Q

Synovial Joints

angular movements

A
  • these involve changes in angles between bones
  • flexion: bending or decreasing the angle
  • extension: straightening or increasing the angle
24
Q

Synovial Joints

circular movements

A
  • these motions produce a circular or cone-shaped pattern
  • rotation: movement of a bone along its length, twisting
25
Q

Synovial Joints

Types

A
  • there are 6 types, each with unique structure and function
26
Q

Synovial Joints

Type: gliding or planar

A
  • structure: two flat surfaces
  • movement: between two flat surfaces; slight
  • example: inercarpal (between carpal bones)
27
Q

Synovial Joints

Type: hinge

A
  • structure: one bone fits into a second like a door hinge
  • movement: allow for angular movement; one axis
  • example: elbow (humerus, ulna, and radius)
28
Q

Synovial Joint

Type: pivot

A
  • structure: one bone encircles another
  • movement: allow for rotational movement between two bones; rotation
  • examples: movement between atlas and axis
29
Q

Synovial Joints

Type: ellipsoid (condylar)

A
  • structure: convex surface its into concave surface
  • movement: allow significant movement in two planes; two axes
  • example: junction between radius and scaphoid bone
30
Q

Synovial Joints

Type: saddle

A
  • structure: two concave surfaces fit together
  • movement: have two concave surfaces that articulate with one another; slight
  • example: trapezium and the first metacarpal of the thumb
31
Q

Synovial Joints

Type: ball and socket

A
  • structure: head of one bone fits into a concave socket
  • movement: multiple axes
  • example: hip

A/P Lab (8 decks)

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