Cardio Flashcards
what is the normal time interval for PR interval
0.12-0.20 seconds (3-5 little boxes)
what is the normal time interval for QRS complex
0.05-0.10 (1-2 little boxes)
What does Sinus Brady present on EKG
Normal P waves, QRS complex, regular rhythm
Prolonged R-R
LOW HR
What does sinus tach present on EKG
Normal P Waves, QRS complex, regular rhythm
Short R-R
HIGH HR
What does a 1st Degree AV block look like on EKG
Normal, P waves, QRS complex, regular rhythm
Prolonged PR segment
Slight T peak
Short ST segment
What are the findings on EKG with a 2nd degree AV block type 1
Irregular rhythm
P wave peak variable
PR segment irr (some short some long)
-Progessively prolonged PR interval
- Dropped beat (missing QRS complex between P waves)
Whats are other names for 2nd degree AV block type 1
Mobitz 1 or Wenkebach
What does Mobitz 2/ 2nd degree AV block type 2 look like on EKG
Regularish P waves
Normal QRS
PR intervals are normal-ish. Irr spacing between cycles
-intermittent dropped QRS
Rhythm- regular irregular
Easy description of Type 1 and Type 2 AV blocks
Type 1: Progressively prolonged PR intervals
Type 2: Fixed PR intervals
What does a 3rd degree AV block look like on EKG
P waves: no correlation with QRS
QRS complex: prolonged
T waves: unidentifiable
Rhythm: normal
PR interval: variable
What is another word for 3rd degree heart block
complete heart block
What does multifocal atrial tachycardia look like on EKG
Rhythm-irrg
Rate- high
P wave- multifocal, meaning little peaks between the actual wave
PR interval- unk
T wave- unk
Normal QRS
What disease is associated with multifocal atrial tachycardia
Chronic Lung Disease
What do you see on an EKG regarding idioventricular rhythm
Reg rhythm
Rate; brady
No waves and segments besides huge QRS prolongation that the peak is inverted
What mainly affects vascular function curves?
MSP
Venous tone
Blood volume
Inc. MSP equals what on guyans
Increased venous return (bc inc. venous pressure) and right shift of vascular
How does inc/dec blood volume affects vascular function graph
Inc= inc venous return, right shift
Dec= dec venous return, left shift
What affects cardiac function curves
Contractility
preload
afterload
How does veno-dilation/contriction affect vascular function graph
Dilation= dec. venous return
Constriction= inc. venous return
How does inc/dec afterload affect cardiac function curve
inc= decrease CO
dec= increased CO
How does inc/dec contractility affect cardiac function curve
Inc= Inc CO
Dec= Dec CO
How does inc/dec preload affect cardiac function curve
Inc= Inc CO
dec= dec CO
Hypertension equals what on guyan curve
Increased afterload
What is the bainbridge reflex
Also called atrial reflex
-response to increased venous return to the right atrium which causes an increased in heart rate (tachycardia)
-things that increase venous return: IV fluids (inc. blood volume, inspiration
-goal is to prevent atrial overload
-doesnt affect BP (baroreceptors do)
What is the bowditch staircase effect
When HR increases theres less time for Calcium to be pumped out or put back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This leads to a gradual increase in intracellular calcium which then leads to gradual increase in contractility
In short inc HR–> Inc contractility
What is cushing triad?
When something causes an increase in intracranial pressure which leads to the triad.
1) Hypertension due to brain sensing hypoxia (from ICP)
2) Bradycardia due to the increase in BP
3) Irregular respirations with apnea
What causes S4 sounds (general)
Increased ventricle volume
-MR
-AR
-HF (dilated heart)
-Hypervolemia
What causes S4 sounds
A stiff ventricle with decreases chamber size
-HOCM
-“atrial click” heard due to atrium increasing pressure squeeze due to stiff ventricle
JVP waves in atrial fib
absent A waves
JVP waves in tricuspid regurg
Absent X descent
JVP waves in cardiac tamponade
absent Y wave
Nernst eq.
Ex= (-60/X)*log10 ( [Intracell.]/[extracell])
