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Drug Key Points > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

which part of the nephron does furosemide act in

A

ascending loop of henle

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2
Q

loop diuretics mechanism

A

prevents reabsorption of sodium, water, chloride and potassium in the ascending loop of henle

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3
Q

3 contraindications of furosemide

A

hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia

anuria

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4
Q

Side effect of furosemide, bendroflumethiazide, spironoactone

1 specific one in spirnolactone

A

postural hypotension in all

gynaecomastia in spirinolactone

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5
Q

which diuretic can cause gynaecomastia

A

spironolactone (potassium sparing)

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6
Q

4 contraindications of bendroflumethiazide

A

Addison’s

hyponatraemia

hypokalaemia

pregnancy

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7
Q

which diuretic is the least contraindicated in pregnancy

A

furosemide

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8
Q

which part of the nephron does bendroflumethiazide act on

A

distal convoluted tubule

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9
Q

mechanism of spirinolactone

A

potassium sparing diuretic

aldosterone antagonist

so promotes excretion of sodium but sparing of potassium

works in the collecting duct

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10
Q

which part of the nephron does spirinolactone act on

A

collecting duct

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11
Q

what are 2 unlicensed indications of spirinolactone

A

acne in women

hirtuism

(aldosterone antagonist)

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12
Q

3 contraindications of spirinolactone

A

Addison’s

hyperkalaemia

anuria

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13
Q

mechanism of atenolol

A

beta blocker

stops noradrenaline binding to beta 1 receptor (competitive inhibition)

causes negative ionotropic and chronotropic effects

decreased heart rate and strength of contraction

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14
Q

3 contraindications of atenolol

A

COPD/ asthma

bradycardia

pheochromocytoma

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15
Q

2 side effects of atenolol

A

cold peripheries

hypotensive symptoms

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16
Q

complication risk of atenolol

A

increases risk of T2DM

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17
Q

main side effect of ramipril

A

dry cough

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18
Q

2 contraindications of ramipril

A

angiodema

pregnancy

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19
Q

what drug do you not give ramipril with

A

renin inhibitor e.g. Aliskeren

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20
Q

mechanism of amlodipine

A

calcium channel blocker

relaxes vascular smooth muscle cells

no chrono/ionotropic action, just reduces blood pressure

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21
Q

3 contraindications of amlodipine

A

stenosis

cariogenic shock

unstable angina

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22
Q

what drug do you not give amlodipine with

A

other calcium channel blockers

23
Q

3 side effects of amlodipine (one main one)

A

leg swelling/ oedema

drowsy

flushing

24
Q

mechanism of losartan

A

angiotensin 2 receptor blocker (ARB)

acts on blood vessels directly to block angiotensin 2 receptor

decreases blood pressure

25
Q

non cardiac indication of losartan

A

diabetic nephropathy

26
Q

when do you give losartan in heart failure

A

when ramipril is contraindicated

27
Q

2 side effects of losartan (one causes the other)

A

hyperkalaemia

leading to:

muscle cramps

28
Q

mechanism of isosorbide mononitrate

A

donates Nitric Oxide (NO) to smooth muscle cells causing them to relax

29
Q

which drug do you not give isosorbide mononitrate with

A

Viagra (Sildenafil)

30
Q

mechanism of digoxin

A

cardiac glycoside

inhibits sodium absorption increasing intracellular calcium

decreases conduction, positively ionotropic

causes strong, slow heart beats

31
Q

when do you give digoxin in heart failure

and other indication

A

sedentary old people

can give in AF

32
Q

mechanism of amiodarone

A

class 3 antiarrythmic

potassium channel blocker

prevents depolarisation leading to a Lower heart rate

33
Q

when is amiodarone given

A

in severe arrythmias

in hospital/ under close supervision by specialists

e.g. severe AF, Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

34
Q

5 contraindications of amiodarone

A

brachycardia

hypotension

heart failure

thyroid dysfunction (usually hypothyroid)

pregnancy

35
Q

4 side effects of amiodarone

A

hypothyroidism (and actually hyperthyroid but less common)

prolonged QT interval

Photosensitivity

Vision changes

36
Q

aspirin mechanism

A

antiplatelet

stops prostaglandin synthesis which stops platelet aggregation

37
Q

2 side effects of aspirin

A

dyspepsia

bleeding

same as clopidogrel

38
Q

mechanism of clopidogrel

A

antiplatelet

competitively inhibits ADP receptors on platelets leading to less aggregation

39
Q

2 side effects of clopidogrel

A

dyspepsia

bleeding

same as aspirin

40
Q

Enoxaparin mechanism

A

LMWH

inhibits factor 10a converting prothrombin into thrombin stopping the coagulation cascade

41
Q

what drug anticoagulant do you give to pregnant women having a DVT

A

enoxaparin (LMWH)

42
Q

2 side effects of enoxaparin

A

bleeding

increased liver enzymes

43
Q

TPA mechanims

A

thrombolytic drug

binds directly to blood clot and breaks down the fibrin matrix

44
Q

3 indications of TPA

A

acute MI (?)

massive PE with haemodynamic instability

stroke if given in 4 hours

45
Q

3 side effects of TPA

A

bleeding

angina

hypotension

46
Q

warfarin mechanism

A

anticoagulant

blocks vitamin K enzyme inhibiting factors 2,7,9,10

47
Q

3 contraindications of warfarin

A

pregnancy (1st and 3rd trimesters)

bleeding

post-surgery with bleeding risk

48
Q

3 side effects of warfarin

A

bleeding

mild rash

hair loss

49
Q

rivaroxaban mechanism

A

DOAC

inhibits factor 10a converting prothrombin into thrombin

50
Q

one contraindication of rivaroxaban

A

anti-phospholipid syndrome

51
Q

3 side effects of rivaroxaban

A

iron deficiency anaemia

dizziness

GI upset

52
Q

simvastatin mechanism

A

inhibits HMG COA reductase stopping cholesterol synthesis

53
Q

contraindication of simvastatin

A

pregnancy/ lactation

54
Q

3 side effects of simvastatin (one main one)

A

muscle weakness

constipation

sometimes causes increased liver enzymes so check LFTs beforehand

Drug Key Points (6 decks)

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