Cardio Flashcards
What occurs to blood pressure during exercise?
Systolic increases, diastolic decreases - leads to increased pulse pressure
Why does cardiac output increase during exercise?
Venous constriction, increased venous return, increased myocardial contractibility
Why does systemic vascular resistance fall during exercise?
Vasodilation in skeletal muscles
What are the stages of Valsalva maneouvre?
- Increased intra-thoracic pressure
- Resultant increases in venous and right atrial pressures reduces venous return
- Reduced preload leads to a fall in cardiac output (Frank Starling mechanism)
- When the pressure is released there is a further slight fall in cardiac output due to increased aortic volume
- Return of normal cardiac output
In what conditions are S1 and S2 soft?
S1: soft in MS
S2: soft in AS
When is S3 normal
<30 years or women <50 years
What is a pathological cause of S3?
Left ventricular failure
MR
Constrictive pericarditis
What causes S4?
Atrial contraction against a stiff ventricle
AS, HOCM, Hypertension
What does the left coronary artery turn into?
LAD and circumflex
What does the right coronary artery turn into?
Posterior descending
Which artery supplies the SA node in 60% and AV node in 90%?
Right coronary
What is bicuspid aortic valve associated with?
Left dominant coronary circulation, where the posterior descending artery arises from the circumflex instead of the right coronary
+ Turner’s syndrome, coarctation of the aorta
Which cardiac abnormality is most common in Down’s syndrome?
AVSD
What murmur is heard in ASD?
Ejection systolic, louder on inspiration, fixed split S2
What is ASD associated with?
Ebstein’s anomaly, foetal alcohol syndrome
What is Ebstein’s anomaly?
Tricuspid leaflet dysplasia, apical displacement of the tricuspid annulus, abnormalities of RA and RV
What are the signs of tricuspid regurgitation?
Pansystolic murmur
Prominent V waves in JVP
Pulsatile hepatomegaly
Left parasternal heave
What is a risk factor for Ebstein’s anomaly?
Exposure to lithium in utero
What is Ebstein’s anomaly associated with?
PFO/ASD
WPW
What are the signs of Ebstein’s anomaly?
Cyanosis Prominent a wave in JVP Hepatomegaly TR RBBB --> widely split S1 and S2
What type of coarctation of the aorta is more common in adults?
Postductal (distal to the ductus arteriosus) which occurs after the left subclavian artery branches from the aorta
What are the signs of coarctation of the aorta?
Infancy - heart failure
Adults - HTN
Radiofemoral delay
Midsystolic murmur, maximal over back
Apical click
Notching of inferior border of ribs
Which cardiac enzyme is the first to rise in cardiac damage?
Myoglobin
What is the first line investigation in stable cardiac chest pain?
CT coronary angiography
What 3 other imaging modalities are 2nd line in investigating stable cardiac chest pain, looking for reversible myocardial ischaemia?
MPS with SPECT
Stress echo
MR perfusion
What is the 3rd line investigation in stable cardiac chest pain?
Invasive coronary angiography
What are the indications for exercise tolerance tests?
Assessing patients with suspected angina
Risk stratifying post MI/HOCM
When is exercise tolerance contraindicated?
MI<7 days Unstable angina Systolic BP>180bpm or <90bpm AS LBBB
What artery supplies the lateral aspect of the heart and which leads does this correspond to?
Circumflex
V5, V6, I
What artery supplies the anterior of the heart and which leads does this correspond to?
LAD
V1-V4
Which artery supplies the inferior aspect of the heart and which leads does this correspond to?
Right coronary
II, III, aVF
What is the ECG criteria for STEMI?
ECG changes in 2 or more contiguous leads and persist for >20 minutes:
V2-V3:
Women: 1.5mm STE
Men>40: 2mm STE
Men<40: 2.5mm STE
All other leads:
1mm STE
New LBBB
What is the management of blood glucose in T2DM post MI?
IV insulin
What is the general management of STEMI?
300mg aspirin
Oxygen if SpO2 <94%
Morphine/nitrates
PCI within 120 minutes OR fibrinolysis
What medications are given prior/during PCI?
Prasugrel
Radial access: Unfractionated heparin + bailout GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor
Femoral access: bivalirudin + bailout GPI
What medications are given prior/during fibrinolysis?
Antithrombin
Ticagrelor post procedure
What measures are taken if patient is high bleeding risk?
If having PCI: swap prasugrel to ticagrelor
If being thrombolysed: swap ticagrelor for clopidogrel
What type of stent is used in PCI?
Drug eluting to reduce the risk of restenosis
What type of access if preferred in PCI?
Radial
In the PCI pathway, if a patient is already taking anticoagulation, what changes are made to the drugs?
Aspirin 300mg as normal
Instead of prasugrel, give clopidogrel
What other procedure are performed during PCI?
Thrombus aspiration
Complete revascularisation
What is the general management of NSTEMI?
Aspirin 300mg
Estimate 6 month mortality:
Low risk - ticagrelor, fondaparinux
High risk - PCI
Why are nitrates avoided in RV infarct?
Reduces preload
How is 6 month mortality estimated in NSTEMI?
GRACE
Uses age, HR, BP, cardiac (Killip class), renal function, cardiac arrest of presentation, ECG findings, trop levels
What are 5 differentials for ST elevation?
Pericarditis/myocarditis Normal variant - high take off Left ventricular aneurysm Prinzmetal's angina Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
What is the general management of angina?
Aspirin
Statin
SL GTN spray PRN
What is the first line treatment of angina?
BB or CCB
If CCB monotherapy - rate limiting e.g. verapamil/diltiazem
Increase to max tolerated dose
What is the second line treatment of angina?
BB and CCB
CCB must be dihydropyridine e.g. nifedipine, if combining with BB
What is the third line treatment of angina?
Long acting nitrate
Ivabradine
Nicorandil
Ranolazine
What is the treatment of Prinzmetal’s angina?
Dihydropyridine CCB
What is the most common cause of arrest in MI?
VF
What 2 types of pericarditis occur post MI?
Post 48h
Post 2-6w (Dressler’s syndrome, autoimmune)
What are the signs of LV aneurysm?
Persistent STE and LV failure
No chest pain
How does LV free wall rupture present?
Acute heart failure secondary to cardiac tamponade
Which 2 post MI complications present with acute heart failure and pansystolic murmur?
Acute MR
VSD
Which type of infarction is acute MR more common with?
Infero-posterior infarction
What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension?
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Which drugs cause secondary hypertension?
Steroids MAOs COCP NSAIDs Leflunomide
Define PAH.
Resting mean pulmonary artery pressure >25mmHg
What are the features of pulmonary hypertension?
Progressive exertional dyspnoea
Exertional syncope, chest pain, peripheral oedema
What are the signs of pulmonary hypertension?
RV heave
Loud P2
Raised JVP with prominent a waves
TR
What is the management of PAH?
Acute vasodilator testing (administration of IV epoprostenol/inhaled NO)
+ve (minority): PO CCB
-ve (majority): prostacyclin analogues (iloprost), endothelin receptor antagonists (bosentan), PDE inhibitors (sildenafil)
What are the 8 reversible causes of cardiac arrest?
Hypoxia
Hypovolaemia
HyperK, hypoK, hypoBM, hypoCa
Hypothermia
Thrombosis
Tension pneumo
Tamponade
Toxins
What is the first line treatment of heart failure?
ACEI and BB
One drug started at a time