Cardiac/pulm Flashcards
Cat eye syndrome is associated with which cardiac anomalies
TAPVR (and coloboma)
DiGeorge is associated with which cardiac anomalies
Truncus (MC), IAA, RAA
Holt Oram is associated with which cardiac anomaly and noncardiac anomaly
ASD and upper limb anomaly
T13 and T18 is associated with which cardiac anomalies
VSD
Williams is associated with which cardiac anomalies
Supravalvar aortic stenosis and branch pulmonary artery stenosis
Ellis van Crevald is associated with which cardiac anomalies
Common atrium
Cornelia de Lange is associated with which cardiac anomaly
VSD
What does a Qp:Qs >1 signify? What is a large shunt?
More pulmonary blood flow; >2 is large
What does Qp:Qs <1 signify? What is a large shunt?
Not enough pulmonary blood flow; 0.7 or less is large
What do alpha-1 receptors do
increase SVR and increase contractility
What do beta-1 receptors do
increase contractility and increase HR
What receptors does dopa work on (low, medium, high)?
Is it good for warm or cold shock?
low - dopamine
medium - B1
high - A1
Good for warm shock because it will promote systemic vasoconstriction (increase SVR)
What receptors does dobutamine work on?
Is it good for warm or cold shock?
B1 and B2 (increase contractility and HR, but decreases SVR due to B2 affect) - all the B’s
Good for cold shock because it will vasodilate
What receptors does epi work on (low and high)?
low - B1 and B2 (like dobutamine - increases contractility and HR, but decreases SVR)
high - A1 and B1 (like dopa and norepi - increases SVR, contractility, and HR)
What receptors does norepi work on?
A1 and B1 (increases SVR, contractility, and HR)
What does milrinone work on and what is the effect?
Inhibits PDE-3 and increases cAMP to result in vasodilation
What defect is heart block Mobitz II associated with? (one thing)
L-TGA
What is complete heart block associated with? (1 disease, 2 cardiac defects)
SSA (anti-Ro - worse than anti-La), L-TGA, AV canal
What is first degree heart block associated with? (three things)
digoxin, hyperkalemia, and myocarditis
MCC of PAC’s? Other causes?
MCC: increased vagal tone - goes away when infant starts crying or whenever the sinus node speeds up
Others: UVC
What arrhythmia is Ebstein’s associated with?
WPW
What stage do the bronchioles branch?
Pseudoglandular
Which pulmonary phase does angiogenesis start?
Canalicular
When does surfactant synthesis begin?
Canalicular
Which one of the following increases expression of surfactant protein: FOXa1, GATA6, TTF-1, FGF?
TTF-1
When do alveoli start to form?
Saccular
Which type of pneumocyte makes surfactant?
Type II
Which two of the following stimulates alveolarization: T3, T4, TSH, Vitamin A?
T4 and vitamin A
Where is surfactant made and where is it stored?
Made in the golgi of type II pneumocytes, stored in lamellar bodies
What is the largest component of surfactant?
80% is phospholipid (10% protein, 10% cholesterol)
What are the two components of the phospholipid in surfactant and what are they good for?
- most abundant is phosphotidylcholine (lecithin; mostly saturated)
- phosphotidylglycerol is only 5%, but is important for spreading