Cardiac Issues

Question 1

Cardiac Arrest -

5 + 1 H’s, 5 + 1 T’s

Answer 1

Hypovolaemia
Hypoxia
Hydrogen ions (acidosis)
Hyperkalaemia or hypokalaemia (+ other ions)
Hypothermia
(Hypoglycaemia)

Toxins
Cardiac tamponade
Tension pneumothorax
Thrombosis (MI)
Thromboembolism (PE)
(Traumatic cardiac arrest)

Question 2

Shockable vs Non-Shockable rhythms

Answer 2

Shockable: ventricular fibrillation (VF) & pulseless ventricular tachycardia
Non-shockable: asystole and pulseless electrical activity

Question 3

Complications of Valvular Heart Surgery

Answer 3

Death
Stroke - debris from removing calcified value, cannulating the aorta
Resternotomy - cardiac tamponade, haemorrhage
Chest infection
Atrial fibrillation
Complete heartblock - permanent pacemaker
Wound infection
Renal failure secondary to contrast

P - paravalvular leak
O - Obstruction (thrombosis)
S - Subacute bacterial endocarditis
H - haemolysis due to turbulence
Valve - valve failure