Cardiac Immunology Flashcards
What cells are involved in the immune response?
- Macrophages
- T Lymphocytes
- B lymphocytes
- NK cells
- Mast cells
- Cytokine
- IFNy
- TNF
What cells belong in the innate immune system?
- Macrophages
- NK cells
- Cytokines (interferons and interleukins)
- Phagocytes- produce substances that attract other cells to the site increasing vascular permeability
What cells belong in the adaptive immune response?
- B/T lymphocytes - make antibodies
- T helper cells
- T cytotoxic cells - killing infected cells
- T regulatory cells -regulate other cells
What is the role of T regulatory cells?
- High cholesterol
- Reduction in Treg cells
- Not be able to control other cells
- Inflammation
- may have protective role
- increased cholsesterol reduce treg
What is the role of Interleukin-19?
- Anti-inflammatory cytokine
- Produced by T helper cells
- Polarise CD4 cells to become into T helper 2 cells
- Less atherosclerotic plaques
- Reduce risk of myocardial infarct
- Th2 cells are good cells!
- Th1 not helpful
What is the role of Macrophages?
- They secrete inflammatory mediators
- IFNy leads to T helper 1 response
- Th1 bias Promote atherosclerosis!
What is the disease process for viral infection?
- Viral entry
- Attach to appropriate receptors
- Enter myocardial tissue
- Replication
- Innate immune response (monocytes, macrophages,cytokines)
- Adaptive immune response (T Lymphocytes kill infected cells, myocardial injury, B lymphocytes make antibodies) or autoantibodies (antibodies react with host tissue)
- Clear infection OR cell damage OR autoimmunity
Role of B lymphocytes
- Make antibodies
- Clear infection
- can be autoantibodies that can damage the myocardial tissue
What is an autoantibody?
Antibodies that react not just with the viral proteins but are directed against host tissue!
-it happens bc of mechanism complex
Outcome of infection?
- Immune response can clear the infection but cell damage may occur while eliminating the infection
- Or autoimmunity can arise
What can bacterial infection cause?
- myocarditis
- rheumatic heart disease
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Summary:
Infection can cause myocarditis
Following infection, immune response may be the cause of inflammatory response.
Autoimmune causes of myocarditis have been considered.
Drug induced hypersensitivity reactions may cause myocarditis
