cardiac diseases Flashcards
what is preload?
Amount of blood delivered to heart by venous return
what is afterload? determined by?
Force required to eject blood from ventricles
Determined by peripheral resistance in arteries
what is angina pectoris?
relieved by rest and administration of… what action of a med and example?
Occurs when there is a deficit of oxygen to meet myocardial needs
- administration of coronary vasodilators
o Example: nitroglycerin
Primarily acts by reducing systemic resistance, decreasing the demand for oxygen
MI occurs when?
Most common cause?
- Occurs when coronary artery is totally obstructed
* Atherosclerosis is most common cause
warning signs of heart attack?
•Feeling of pressure, heaviness, or burning in chest—especially with increased activity
•Sudden shortness of breath, weakness, fatigue
•Nausea, indigestion
•Anxiety and fear
•Pain may occur and, if present, is usually
o Substernal
o Crushing
o Radiating
Myocardial Infarction: Treatment
•Reduce cardiac demand. •Oxygen therapy •Analgesics •Anticoagulants •Thrombolytic agents may be used. •Tissue plasminogen activator •Medication to treat: o Dysrhythmias, hypertension, congestive heart failure o Cardiac rehabilitation begins immediately.
what are Cardiac Dysrhythmias (Arrhythmias)?
caused by?
Deviations from normal cardiac rate or rhythm
o Caused by electrolyte abnormalities, fever, hypoxia, stress, infection, drug toxicity
Congestive Heart Failure is when
• Heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet metabolic demands of the body.
When heart cannot maintain pumping capability (such as in CHF) Cardiac output or stroke volume decreases. This results in (4)
Less blood reaches the various organs.
Decreased cell function
Fatigue and lethargy
Mild acidosis develops.
Signs and Symptoms of Congestive Heart Failure that are same on either side
o Decreased blood supply to tissues, general hypoxia
o Fatigue and weakness
o Dyspnea and shortness of breath
CHF: Backup effects of left-sided failure
o Related to pulmonary congestion
oDyspnea and orthopnea
Develop as fluid accumulates in the lungs
oCough
Associated with fluid irritating the respiratory passages
oParoxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Indicates the presence of acute pulmonary edema
Usually develops during sleep
Excess fluid in lungs frequently leads to infections such as pneumonia
CHF: Signs of right-sided failure and systemic backup
o Dependent edema in feet, legs, or buttocks
o JVD
oHepatomegaly and splenomegaly
Digestive disturbances
o Ascites
Complication when fluid accumulates in peritoneal cavity
Marked abdominal distention
oAcute right-sided failure
Flushed face, distended neck veins, headache, visual disturbances
what is arterial disease
vascular disease that affects the arteries of your body, which are the vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from your heart to the tissues of the body.
High blood pressure (hypertension) can harm your ____?
Arteries
-It also puts you at risk for peripheral arterial disease (PAD).
what Areas are most frequently damaged by hypertension
o Kidneys
o Heart
o Brain
o Retina
