Cardiac Disease & Surgery

Question 1

Define Cardiovascular Disease

Answer 1

cardiovascular disease is a general term for conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels. also associated with damage to the arteries of the brain, kidneys and eyes

Question 2

What are the 4 types of CVD?

Answer 2

Coronary Heart Disease, cerebral vascular accident & transient ischaemic attack, peripheral vascular disease, aortic disease

Question 3

what is coronary heart disease also called?

Answer 3

ischaemic heart disease or coronary artery disease

Question 4

what diseases are included in coronary heart disease?

Answer 4

angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure

Question 5

what are the risk factors of CHD?

Answer 5

multifactorial and result of interaction between genetics, lifestyle and enviroment but includes: age, gender, social deprivation, smoking, exercise, diet, alcohol, blood pressure, obesity, diabetes

Question 6

define angina

Answer 6

angina is pain in the chest due to inadequate supply of oxygen to the heart muscle. tends to be transient, symptoms last 10mins

Question 7

define myocardial infarction

Answer 7

also called heart attack. is when the blood suppling the oxygen to the heart is severely reduced or cut off. the result is ischaemia of the heart muscle and scar formation.

Question 8

define heart failure

Answer 8

HF is when the heart is unable to adequately pump the blood around the body, usually because the heart has become to week or stiff due to scar tissue formation.

Question 9

define heart valve disease

Answer 9

a diseased or damaged valve can affect the blood flow in 2 ways.

• valve does not open fully so it obstructs or restricts blood flow = stenosis or narrowing
• valve does not close properly so blood leaks backwards = valve incompetence/leaky valve/regurgitation

Question 10

define coronary artery bypass surgery

Answer 10

CABG surgery is used to treat CHD. It involves passing a blocked portion of the coronary artery using another piece of blood vessel.
can be a single artery or multiple.

Question 11

what are the 5 types of valve replacement

Answer 11

• mechanical
• tissue (made from animal donors or animal tissue)
• ROSS procedure (the aortic valve is replaced by the pulmonary valve
• TAVI / TAVR (transactehter aoric valve implantation or replacement
• Donor (from a human)