Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular > Cardiac Defects > Flashcards

Cardiac Defects Flashcards

1
Q

Most common defect in Down’s

A

AV septal defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most common defect in DiGeorge

A
  1. Tetralogy of Fallot

2. Truncus arteriosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

DiGeorge Symptoms

A
  1. Facial phenotype
  2. Developmental delay
  3. Parathyroid hypoplasia - hypocalcemia
  4. Thyroid hypoplasia - immune deficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot Types

A

Pink TOF - less severe RVOT obstruction = more BF to lungs

Cyanotic TOF - more severe RVOT obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Signs and symptoms of Tetralogy of Fallot

A
  • LUSB systolic murmur - PS
  • +/- cyanosis
  • +/- tachypnea = increased BF = increased tachypnea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Treatment of Tetralogy of Fallot

A
  • PGE2 = to maintain PDA and lower BF to lungs
  • Surgery = at 3-6 months of age

Ventriculotomy, transannular patch repair, and RV to pulmonary artery circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tet spells; who they happen in and how to treat

A

Tetralogy of fallot

Tx:
First line = calm down, O2, and knee to chest

IV line = morphine, saline, ketamine, phenyleprine

Beta-blocker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Types of AV septal defects

A

Partial/Transitional = like ASDs

Complete/Intermediate = like ASD + VSD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Most common defect w/ a diabetic mother

A

Truncus arteriosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Blood flow in truncus arteriosus; how does it change over time

A

As pulmonary vascular resistance decreases after birth = more BF to lungs = heart failure and pulmonary overcirculation/HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Types of Truncus arteriosus and mortality

A

Moratilty - 5 weeks of age w/out intervention

Depend on pulmonary
BF:

Increased BF
Decreased BF (rare)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Symptoms of increased pulmonary BF in truncus arteriosus

A 
Mild cyanosis
Increased pulse pressure
Hyperdynamic precordium
Normal S1 and loud single S2
Pansystolic murmur at LLSB, systolic murmur at USB
Diastolic murm

Tachypnea, hepatomegaly, poor feeding, diaphoresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sympotms of decreased pulmonary BF w/ out pulmonary regurgitation

A

Due to PA stenosis or pulmonary vascular disease

Moderate to severe cyanosis

Normal pulses and pulse pressure

Systolic murmur - PA stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Truncus arteriosus common valve abnormalitites

A

3 cusps = most common

Can be stenotic or insufficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Truncus arteriosus surgery

A

Repair VSD so LV pumps to aorta

RV to PA conduit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Aortic Valve precursor

A

Subendocardial mesenchyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Effects of aortic valve stenosis

A

Aortic root dilation
Leaflet destruction
Ventricular hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Aortic stenosis treatment

A

Maintain PDA
Valvuloplasty
Surgical commissurotomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Effect of aortic stenosis on fetal circulation

A

Lower blood O2 content to the brain and coronary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Effect of coarctation on fetal circulation

A

Not much effect; babies without an aortic isthmus still get good perfusion to all tissues

Born healthy and of normal birth weight

21
Q

How does coartication develop?

A

Hemodynamic theory - disturbances cause reduced blood flow and volume in fetal aortic arch

Ductal tissue theory - migration of ductal arteriosus smooth muscle into the aorta = causes narrowing and constrictuion

Genetic causes - Turner’s syndrome

22
Q

Most common Turner’s syndrome anomalies

A
  1. Bicuspid valve

2. aortic coartication

23
Q

Aortic coartication presentation

A
  1. Infant w/ CHF - complex coarticatoin
  2. Child/adolescent w/ systolic hypertension
  3. murmur; continous chest murmur due to collaterals, mitral stenosis/VSD murmurs
24
Q

CXR signs of aortic coartication

A

Aortic knob

Aortic indentation at LSB w/ opposing esophageal indentation (barium swallow)

25
Q

Aortic coartication therapy

A
  1. End to End anastomosis; no circumferential suture = less recurrence
  2. Prosthetic patch aortoplasty; high incidence of late aneurysms
  3. Subclavian flap aortoplasty; sacrifices left subclavian artery (has growth potential)
  4. Angioplasty/stenting
26
Q

Treatment of choice for infants w/ aortic coartication

A

Subclavian flap aortoplasty

27
Q

Persistent PDA causes what?

A

Heart failure and poor growth in infants and children

28
Q

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome; what shunts must remain for fetus to be viable

A

ASD - L to R

PDA - R to L

29
Q

Hypoplastic Right Heart Syndrome; what shunts must remain for fetus to be viable

A

ASD - R to L

PDA - L to R

30
Q

When is a PDA needed?

A

Systemic blood flow when there is severe aortic flow obstruction (R to L)

Pulmonary BF when there is severe obstruction to pulmonary flow (L to R)

31
Q

What is transposition?

A

Ventricular-Arterial discordance

32
Q

Gender and transposition

A

M>F

33
Q

Transposition is seen commonly in what infants

A

Infants of diabetic mothers

34
Q

Embryological cause of transposition

A

Abnormal spiraling/conotruncal rotation during septation with aorticopulmonary septum

35
Q

How to create intercirculatory mixing in transposition?

A

Atrial level - ASD

Ventricular level - VSD (common in 40-45%)

Arterial level - PDA (use PGE1)

36
Q

Transposition; associated lesions

A

50% - TGA w/ PFO or PDA

50% - TGA w/ other anomalies = VSD (40-45%), LVOT (5%), coartication

37
Q

Transposition w/ VSD treatment

A

Does not require PGE1

38
Q

The effect of transposition on coronary circulation

A

Provides deoxygenated blood to heart; many variants in coronary artery branches - ie circumflex from RCA, single RCA or LCA, etc

39
Q

Clinical features of transposition

A

Early cyanosis

Loud S2 (due to anterior location of aorta)

Hyperoxia - excess blood oxygen; due to separation of circulation

40
Q

CXR appearance of transposition

A

“Egg on a string” - egg shaped heart w/ a narrow mediastinum

Cardiomegaly

41
Q

Management of transposition

A

Intercirculatory mixing

  • Create ASD w/ balloon atrial septostomy
  • PGE1

Oxygen

Volume - IV fluids

Correct metabolic abnormalities

42
Q

What is the Senning operation?

A

Surgical correction of transposition- Pulmonary veins into RA, atrial baffle (shunt) for SVC/IVC to LV

43
Q

Complications of Senning

A

RV dysfunction, arrhythmias

44
Q

What is the Jatene arterial switch?

A

Transposition surgery

45
Q

Risks of Jatene switch

A

Coronary issues
Aortic root dilation
Aortic insufficiency
PA stenosis

46
Q

VSD - locations

A

Outlet/subarterial (type 1) - near LV outlet

Perimembranous (type 2) - most common

Inlet (type 3)- near RV inlet

Muscular (type 4)

47
Q

VSD complications

A

CHF due to large volume - L to R shunting

Pulmonary HTN leading to shunt reversal - Eisenmenger’s syndrome

LV dysfunction due to chronic volume overload

Bacterial endocarditis

LATE:
Aortic regurgitation
Arrhythmias
Double chamber RV

48
Q

What determines VSD magnitude

A

Size of VSD

Pulmonary vascular resistance

49
Q

VSD survival

A

Depends on VSD size and location and development of pulmonary HTN

Cardiovascular (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions