Cardiac: Conjestive Heart Failure Flashcards
what are 2 categories for congestive heart failure?
left- and right-sided failure
name 5 things that cause left-sided heart failure?
- ischemia
- hypertension
- dilated cardiomyopathy
- myocardial infarction
- restrictive cardiomyopathy
dilated cardiomyopathy
heart muscles stretched too much and heart cannot contract
restrictive cardiomyopathy
walls are rigid, and heart is restricted from stretching and filling with blood properly
clinical features of left-sided heart failure are due to what 2 things
- decreased forward perfusion
2. pulmonary congestion
left sided heart failure pulmonary congestion leads to what
pulmonary edema
pulmonary edema from left-sided heart failure results in what
- dyspnea
- paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea ( increased venous return when lying flat)
- orthopnea
- crackles
dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing
orthopnea
is shortness of breath (dyspnea) which occurs when lying flat, causing the person to have to sleep propped up in bed or sitting in a chair
pulmonary edema from left-sided heart failure can cause what
- small, congested capillaries burst
2. leading to intraalveolar hemorrhage
what does intraaveolar hemrrhage look like under the microscope
hemosiderin-laden macrophages
“heart failure cells”
in left-sided heart failure decreased forward perfusion impacts what organ and causes what?
kidney
- activation of renin-angiotensin system
- exacerbates CHF
what is the mainstay treatment for left-sided heart failure
ACE inhibitor
what is the most common cause of right-sided heart failure
due to left-sided heart failure
what are other causes of right-sided heart failure
- left-to-right shunt
2. chronic lung disease (cor pulmonale)