Cardiac: Conjestive Heart Failure Flashcards

1
Q

what are 2 categories for congestive heart failure?

A

left- and right-sided failure

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2
Q

name 5 things that cause left-sided heart failure?

A
  1. ischemia
  2. hypertension
  3. dilated cardiomyopathy
  4. myocardial infarction
  5. restrictive cardiomyopathy
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3
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy

A

heart muscles stretched too much and heart cannot contract

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4
Q

restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

walls are rigid, and heart is restricted from stretching and filling with blood properly

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5
Q

clinical features of left-sided heart failure are due to what 2 things

A
  1. decreased forward perfusion

2. pulmonary congestion

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6
Q

left sided heart failure pulmonary congestion leads to what

A

pulmonary edema

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7
Q

pulmonary edema from left-sided heart failure results in what

A
  • dyspnea
  • paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea ( increased venous return when lying flat)
  • orthopnea
  • crackles
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8
Q

dyspnea

A

difficult or labored breathing

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9
Q

orthopnea

A

is shortness of breath (dyspnea) which occurs when lying flat, causing the person to have to sleep propped up in bed or sitting in a chair

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10
Q

pulmonary edema from left-sided heart failure can cause what

A
  1. small, congested capillaries burst

2. leading to intraalveolar hemorrhage

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11
Q

what does intraaveolar hemrrhage look like under the microscope

A

hemosiderin-laden macrophages

“heart failure cells”

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12
Q

in left-sided heart failure decreased forward perfusion impacts what organ and causes what?

A

kidney

  • activation of renin-angiotensin system
  • exacerbates CHF
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13
Q

what is the mainstay treatment for left-sided heart failure

A

ACE inhibitor

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14
Q

what is the most common cause of right-sided heart failure

A

due to left-sided heart failure

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15
Q

what are other causes of right-sided heart failure

A
  1. left-to-right shunt

2. chronic lung disease (cor pulmonale)

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16
Q

what are 3 clinical features of right-sided heart failure

A
  1. jugular venous distension
  2. painful hepatosplenomegaly
  3. dependent pitting edema
17
Q

Hepatosplenomegaly

A

simultaneous enlargement of both the liver (hepatomegaly) and the spleen (splenomegaly).

18
Q

painful hepatosplenomegaly has what physical characteristic and can lead to what

A
  • ‘nutmeg’ liver

- cardiac cirrhosis

19
Q

why does dependent pitting edema occur in right-sided heart failure

A

increased hydrostatic pressure

20
Q

cor pulmonale

A

isolated right heart failure due to pulmonary causes

21
Q

what side CHF is more common

A

left and systolic