Cardiac/Circulatory Disease Flashcards
F.hepatica infection
CS - Blood loss anaemia. pallor, weakness, ill thrift, ventral oedema
Treatment - appropriate anthelmintics, prognosis good if no chronic hepatic changes
Whole herd likely affected
Common in UK
Abomasal ulcet
CS - blood loss anaemia. Dull, abdo pain, milk drop, reduced appetite, MM parlor, weakness
Limited treatment option, prognosis guarded
Individual
Caudal vena cava syndrome
CS - blood loss anaemia. Epistaxis, sudden death, increased resp rate and effort
Euthanasia, prognosis poor
Trauma
Blood loss anaemia
Identify and ligate offending vessel if possible
Transfusion may be needed
Isolated even
Babeosis
Haemolytic anaemia
CS - haemaglobinuria, pallor, weakness, dull, pyrexia, diarrhoea
Treatment - imidocarb dipronpropriate +/- blood transfusion
Multiple can be affected, seen in localized areas
Postparturient haemaglobinuria
Haemolytic anaemia
CS - haemaglobinuria, pallor, weakness, dull, recent calving, lactating cow, hypophosphatemia
Treatment - phosphorus, blood transfusion if required
Mycoplasma wenyonii
Regenerative IMHA
CS - haemoglobinuria, pallor, recent calving, hindlimb and udder/scrotal oedema
Antibiotics - oxytet/macrolides only, immunosuppressive steroids, blood transfusion.
Prognosis guarded
What is regenerative vs non-regenerative anaemia
Regenerative - loss or destruction of obc
Non-regenerative - failure to produce RBC
Causes of non-regenerative anaemia
Chronic pneumonia with abcessation
Chronic pyelonephritis
Endocarditis
Visceral abcessation
Causes of regenerative
Abomasal ulcers
Lymphosarcoma
Caudal vena cava syndrome
Parasites - heavy louse burden, Eimeria bovis, blood parasite (babesia divergens), mycoplasma, liver fluke in sheep
Pyelonephritis
Rupture of uterine artery
Babesia divergens
Haemolytic anaemia
Destruction of RBC
Haemuria most common sign
Blood transfusions
Treatment effecting
Spread by ticks
What is always a differential if sudden death
Anthrax
Common name for hypomagnesemia
Grass staggers
3 causes of anaemia
Blood loss
Haemolysis
Lack of production
What’s good for use as an emergency haemostat
Cobwebs (clean ones)
Timeline for trauma
Normal blood count initial
Then anaemia and hypoproteinemia
Regeneration starts after a couple of days with macrocytosis, reticulocytosis and nucleated RBCS
Haemolysis differentials
Primary - toxin ingestion
Secondary - babesia, IV injection of hyper/hypotonic solution, bacterial toxins, water intoxication
Common toxins causing haemolysis
Sulphur from onions/brassicas
Nitrates/nitrites
Copper
Signs of copper toxicity
Jaundice of skin and sclera
Black urine
Bronze colour liver
Gun metal colour kidneys
Anorexia, depression, diarrhoea, abdopain, weakness and death
Acute = dead
Chronic = organ changes
Treatment of copper toxicity
Supportive of acute renal failure
Fluid therapy
trietine in humans - variable in sheep
Water toxicity causes
Excess na ingestion with adequate water
Normal na ingestion with inadequate water
Consumption of high Na water
Administration of hypertonic oral electrolytes
Pathophysiology of water toxicity
Dehydration= hypernatraemia leading to water movement extracellularly. Reintroduction of water causes rapid intracellular movement intravascular haemolysis and cerebral oedema
Clinical signs of water toxicity
Thirst
Hyperthermia
Tachycardia
Muscle fasciculation
Rumen stasis
Diarrhoea
Mucoid faeces
Nasal discharge
Convulsions
Found dead
Treatment of water toxicity
Restrict water intake to little and often
Corticosteroids to reduce oedematous
Frusemide
To prevent - maintain clean fresh water intake, anticipate intake changes with weather and ensure appropriate electrolytes are used as appropriate
Traumatic reticulo-pericarditis
Most common cattle pericardial condition
Ingested wire fragments irritate/enter the pericardium
Causes cardiac tamponade, reduced output, progression to CHF
Pain and BRD signs
Typically milk drop, inappetence and non-specific illness
Imaging for traumatic reticulo-pericarditis
Ultrasound - method of choice, rib space 3-5, perulent fluid in pericardial space
Radiography - gas fluid interface, metal wire sometimes identifiable but not as useful as ultrasound
Treatment and prognosis of traumatic reticulo-pericarditis
Early stages - magnet in stomach, broad spec antibiotics
Late - prognosis poor to hopeless, euthanasia,
Prevention - magnet and feed management
Bacterial endocarditis
Linked with chronic bacterial infections somewhere else
Truperella pyogenes possible
Adhesions of endothelium
Predilection at tricuspid and mitral valves
Clinical signs of bacterial endocarditis
Murmur +/- palpable thrill
Persistent tachycardia
I’ll thrift
Milk drop
Inflammation - leukocytosis, hyperfibrinogenaemia, hyperglobulinemia
Neutrophilia
Non-regenerative anaemia
Elevated liver enzymes
Treatment/prognosis of endocarditis
Long term antibiotics (3 weeks) penicillin/amoxicillin
Furosemide
Analgesia
Guarded prognosis
VSD
Left to right shunting
Obvious pansystolic murmur
Higher grade = smaller defect
Congenital abnormalities
Multiple defects = tetralogy of Fallot = VSD, pulmonary stenosis, r ventricular hypertrophy, over riding aorta
ASD - uncommon
Ectopica cordia - heart beat visible in neck very rare
Hyperkalemia
Causes bradyarrhythmias
Severe acute diarrhoea
Urinary obstruction
White muscle disease
Vitamin E/selenium deficiency
Myocardial damage
Cardiac signs vary
Top differential for sudden bilateral epistaxis
Caudal vena cava syndrome
Cause of CVCS
Abscesses from liver erode into CVC
Abscesses occur in lung
Causes of acute haemorrhage in cattle
Trauma
Neoplasia
Toxins - bracken Fern toxicity
Thromboembolus
BVD
Pancytopenia
Inherited bovine thrombopathia (simmetal)
