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Year 4 farm > Cardiac/Circulatory Disease > Flashcards

Cardiac/Circulatory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

F.hepatica infection

A

CS - Blood loss anaemia. pallor, weakness, ill thrift, ventral oedema
Treatment - appropriate anthelmintics, prognosis good if no chronic hepatic changes
Whole herd likely affected
Common in UK

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2
Q

Abomasal ulcet

A

CS - blood loss anaemia. Dull, abdo pain, milk drop, reduced appetite, MM parlor, weakness
Limited treatment option, prognosis guarded
Individual

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3
Q

Caudal vena cava syndrome

A

CS - blood loss anaemia. Epistaxis, sudden death, increased resp rate and effort
Euthanasia, prognosis poor

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4
Q

Trauma

A

Blood loss anaemia
Identify and ligate offending vessel if possible
Transfusion may be needed
Isolated even

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5
Q

Babeosis

A

Haemolytic anaemia
CS - haemaglobinuria, pallor, weakness, dull, pyrexia, diarrhoea
Treatment - imidocarb dipronpropriate +/- blood transfusion
Multiple can be affected, seen in localized areas

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6
Q

Postparturient haemaglobinuria

A

Haemolytic anaemia
CS - haemaglobinuria, pallor, weakness, dull, recent calving, lactating cow, hypophosphatemia
Treatment - phosphorus, blood transfusion if required

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7
Q

Mycoplasma wenyonii

A

Regenerative IMHA
CS - haemoglobinuria, pallor, recent calving, hindlimb and udder/scrotal oedema
Antibiotics - oxytet/macrolides only, immunosuppressive steroids, blood transfusion.
Prognosis guarded

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8
Q

What is regenerative vs non-regenerative anaemia

A

Regenerative - loss or destruction of obc
Non-regenerative - failure to produce RBC

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9
Q

Causes of non-regenerative anaemia

A

Chronic pneumonia with abcessation
Chronic pyelonephritis
Endocarditis
Visceral abcessation

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10
Q

Causes of regenerative

A

Abomasal ulcers
Lymphosarcoma
Caudal vena cava syndrome
Parasites - heavy louse burden, Eimeria bovis, blood parasite (babesia divergens), mycoplasma, liver fluke in sheep
Pyelonephritis
Rupture of uterine artery

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11
Q

Babesia divergens

A

Haemolytic anaemia
Destruction of RBC
Haemuria most common sign
Blood transfusions
Treatment effecting
Spread by ticks

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12
Q

What is always a differential if sudden death

A

Anthrax

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13
Q

Common name for hypomagnesemia

A

Grass staggers

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14
Q

3 causes of anaemia

A

Blood loss
Haemolysis
Lack of production

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15
Q

What’s good for use as an emergency haemostat

A

Cobwebs (clean ones)

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16
Q

Timeline for trauma

A

Normal blood count initial
Then anaemia and hypoproteinemia
Regeneration starts after a couple of days with macrocytosis, reticulocytosis and nucleated RBCS

17
Q

Haemolysis differentials

A

Primary - toxin ingestion
Secondary - babesia, IV injection of hyper/hypotonic solution, bacterial toxins, water intoxication

18
Q

Common toxins causing haemolysis

A

Sulphur from onions/brassicas
Nitrates/nitrites
Copper

19
Q

Signs of copper toxicity

A

Jaundice of skin and sclera
Black urine
Bronze colour liver
Gun metal colour kidneys
Anorexia, depression, diarrhoea, abdopain, weakness and death
Acute = dead
Chronic = organ changes

20
Q

Treatment of copper toxicity

A

Supportive of acute renal failure
Fluid therapy
trietine in humans - variable in sheep

21
Q

Water toxicity causes

A

Excess na ingestion with adequate water
Normal na ingestion with inadequate water
Consumption of high Na water
Administration of hypertonic oral electrolytes

22
Q

Pathophysiology of water toxicity

A

Dehydration= hypernatraemia leading to water movement extracellularly. Reintroduction of water causes rapid intracellular movement intravascular haemolysis and cerebral oedema

23
Q

Clinical signs of water toxicity

A

Thirst
Hyperthermia
Tachycardia
Muscle fasciculation
Rumen stasis
Diarrhoea
Mucoid faeces
Nasal discharge
Convulsions
Found dead

24
Q

Treatment of water toxicity

A

Restrict water intake to little and often
Corticosteroids to reduce oedematous
Frusemide
To prevent - maintain clean fresh water intake, anticipate intake changes with weather and ensure appropriate electrolytes are used as appropriate

25
Q

Traumatic reticulo-pericarditis

A

Most common cattle pericardial condition
Ingested wire fragments irritate/enter the pericardium
Causes cardiac tamponade, reduced output, progression to CHF
Pain and BRD signs
Typically milk drop, inappetence and non-specific illness

26
Q

Imaging for traumatic reticulo-pericarditis

A

Ultrasound - method of choice, rib space 3-5, perulent fluid in pericardial space
Radiography - gas fluid interface, metal wire sometimes identifiable but not as useful as ultrasound

27
Q

Treatment and prognosis of traumatic reticulo-pericarditis

A

Early stages - magnet in stomach, broad spec antibiotics
Late - prognosis poor to hopeless, euthanasia,
Prevention - magnet and feed management

28
Q

Bacterial endocarditis

A

Linked with chronic bacterial infections somewhere else
Truperella pyogenes possible
Adhesions of endothelium
Predilection at tricuspid and mitral valves

29
Q

Clinical signs of bacterial endocarditis

A

Murmur +/- palpable thrill
Persistent tachycardia
I’ll thrift
Milk drop
Inflammation - leukocytosis, hyperfibrinogenaemia, hyperglobulinemia
Neutrophilia
Non-regenerative anaemia
Elevated liver enzymes

30
Q

Treatment/prognosis of endocarditis

A

Long term antibiotics (3 weeks) penicillin/amoxicillin
Furosemide
Analgesia
Guarded prognosis

31
Q

VSD

A

Left to right shunting
Obvious pansystolic murmur
Higher grade = smaller defect

32
Q

Congenital abnormalities

A

Multiple defects = tetralogy of Fallot = VSD, pulmonary stenosis, r ventricular hypertrophy, over riding aorta
ASD - uncommon
Ectopica cordia - heart beat visible in neck very rare

33
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Causes bradyarrhythmias
Severe acute diarrhoea
Urinary obstruction

34
Q

White muscle disease

A

Vitamin E/selenium deficiency
Myocardial damage
Cardiac signs vary

35
Q

Top differential for sudden bilateral epistaxis

A

Caudal vena cava syndrome

36
Q

Cause of CVCS

A

Abscesses from liver erode into CVC
Abscesses occur in lung

37
Q

Causes of acute haemorrhage in cattle

A

Trauma
Neoplasia
Toxins - bracken Fern toxicity
Thromboembolus
BVD
Pancytopenia
Inherited bovine thrombopathia (simmetal)

Year 4 farm (13 decks)

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