Cardiac Flashcards
What is coronary artery disease?
Narrowing/blocking of the arteries from atherosclerosis which reduces blood flow to the ❤️
Causes of CAD
1)Atherosclerosis
2)coronary artery spasms
3)thrombus formation
What is endothelial dysfunction?
⬇️bioavailability of nitric oxide leads to this which promotes vascular remodeling
Stable angina
Fixed plaque causing predictable ischemia
- chest pain w/ exertion
- relived by rest or nitro
Unstable Angina
Plaque rupture casues chest pain at rest or w/ minimal exertion
-unpredictable
Variant (prinzmetal) angina
Coronary artery spasms temporarily reduce blood flow to the ❤️
-usually in the early am
-stress, smoking, cocaine are triggers
Dx testing for unstable angina
ST depression/ T Wave inversion
Trops=normal
Dx testing Nstemi
ST depression/ T Wave inversion
Trops=⬆️
Atypical symptoms of STEMI
epigastric pain, heart burn, fatigue, weakness
Patho of Myocardial infarction
Prolonged ischemia leading to irreversible ❤️ muscle damage
What is the role of BNP
Hormone that helps ❤️ and blood vessels regulate BP and volume; released to counteract RAAS
What is the role of ANP
Hormone released from right atrium, reduces extracellular volume; released to counteract RAAS
Patho of HF
1)RAAS activated causing fluid retention 2)aldosterone promotes Na+ /H2O retention worsening volume overload
3) sympathetic nervous system activated- release norepinephrine
HF w/ preserved EF
1-Hypertrophy; left ventricle unable to relax enough to allow it to fill completely during diastole
2-left atrium compensates by increasing its pressure, which leads to pulmonary congestion
3- increase pre load/afterload from neurohormonal activation= more fluid
Heart Failure w/ reduced EF
EF <40%
1-Chronic dilation of the left ventricle leads to ⬆️ wall stress/ weakens contractility
2- inadequate pumping causes blood to back up into pulmonary circulation
