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Hesi 2 > cardiac > Flashcards

cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

What is preload

A

amount of blood returning to heart

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2
Q

what is afterload

A

pressure against which the left ventricle must mumps to eject blood

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3
Q

what is contractility

A

strength of contraction

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4
Q

what is compliance

A

how easily heart muscle expands when fired

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5
Q

what is ejection fraction

A

amount of blood ejected
normal is 55% or higher
indicator of ventricle function

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6
Q

what is stroke volume

A

blood pumped out of ventricles with each contraction

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7
Q

what determines stroke volume

A

preload
afterload
contractility

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8
Q

how is cardiac output calculated

A

SV X HR

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9
Q

signs of poor cardiac output

A

decreased LOC
chest pain, weak peripheral pulses
SOB, Crakles, Rales
cool, clammy, mottled extremities
decreased up

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10
Q

causes of decreased CO

A

bradycardia
hypotension
MI
Cardiac muscle disease

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11
Q

causes of increased CO

A

increased blood volume (sometimes)
tachycardia (sometimes)
Ace inhibitors
ARBS
nitrates
inotropes

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12
Q

classes of antihypertensives

A

Ace inhibitors
angiotensin 2 blockers
arterial and venous violators
calcium channel blockers
beta blockers

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13
Q

types of ace inhibitors

A

catopril
enalapril
lisinopril

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14
Q

name an angiotensin 2 receptor blocker

A

losartan

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15
Q

arterial and venous dilators

A

hydralazine
nitro

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16
Q

calcium channel blockers

A

amlodipine
nifedipine
verapamil

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17
Q

enalapril indication and considerations

A

hypertension, CHF
can cause dry cough (discontinue if so)
monitor BP
contraindicated in pregnancy

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18
Q

losartan indication and considerations

A

HTN, DM neuropathy, CHF
monitor BP
monitor fluid levels
monitor liver and kidneys
contraindicated in pregnancy

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19
Q

amlodipine indications and considerations

A

HTN, angina
avoid grapefruit
monitor BP (orthostatic Hypotension)
can cause gingival hyperplasia

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20
Q

arterial dilators

A

hydralazine
minoxidil

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21
Q

hydralazine side effects

A

orthostatic hypotension
reflex tachycardia
headache
nausea
long term use can lead to RA or lupus like symptoms

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22
Q

characteristics of minoxidil

A

more potent than hydralazine
can cause myocardial ischemia and pericardial effusion, hirsutism
topically used as rogain

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23
Q

list some venodilators

A

nitrates-nitro and isosorbide dinitrate

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24
Q

side effects of nitrates

A

can cause headache, dizziness, flushing, orthostatic hypotension

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25
Q

types of beta blockers

A

propranalol
atenolol
metoprolol
esmolol
sotalol

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26
Q

indications for propranalol

A

HTN, angina, arrhythmias, MI, cardiomyopathy, alcohol withdrawal, anxiety

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27
Q

considerations for propranalol

A

do not discontinue abruptly
can mask signs of hypoglycemia
caution with asthma and COPD (can cause bronchospasm)

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28
Q

amiodarone indications and considerations

A

arrhythmias
has iodine and can disturb thyroid
not given in pregnancy

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29
Q

adverse effects of amiodarone

A

dizziness
tremors
ataxia
pulmonary fibrosis
bradycardia
heart block
blue grey skin

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30
Q

adenosine indications and considerations

A

SVT
period of systole after administration
will feel like being kicked in the chesgt
rapid push or won’t work
extreme caution in asthmatics

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31
Q

atropine indication and considerations

A

excessive secretions, sinus Brady, heart block
monitor urinary retention and constipation
avoid in people with gluacoma

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32
Q

indications for digoxin

A

hear failure,
a fib a flutter,
chf
cariogenic shock

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33
Q

therapeutic level for digoxin

A

.5-2

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34
Q

early signs of digoxin toxicity

A

nausea
vomiting
anorexia
vision changes (yellow, green halos)

35
Q

late signs of digoxin toxicity

A

bradycardia>arrhythmias

36
Q

risk factors for digoxin toxicity

A

hypokalemia (loop diuretics)
licorice extracts (black licorice)
hypomagnesemia
hyprcalcemia
elderly (liver and renal function)

37
Q

antidote for digoxin toxicity

A

digoxin immune fab

38
Q

what meds are inotropes

A

dopamine
dobutamine
milrinone
(increase contractility)

39
Q

what drugs are vasopressors

A

norepinephrine
epinephrine
vasopressin
phenylephrine
(increase BP)

40
Q

name sieges of veins

A

chronic venous insufficiency/PVD
DVT
superior venacava syndrome

41
Q

what is peripheral vascular disease

A

inadequate venous return over a long period

42
Q

what can peripheral vascular disease cause

A

pathologic ischemia

43
Q

signs of pathologic ischemia

A

blood flow back to heart is affected
brown discoloration
uneven wound edges around ankle
swelling
pedal pulse is present

44
Q

treatment of peripheral vascular disease

A

elevate legs
focus on proper wound care

45
Q

causes of DVT

A

venous stasis
vein wall damage
hypercoaguable state

46
Q

factors leading to venous stasis

A

immobility
age
LHF

47
Q

prevention of DVT

A

anticoagulant

48
Q

what happens during superior vena cava syndrome

A

can’t drain blood from upper body
(pressure on superior vena cava like tumor)

49
Q

symptoms of superior vena cava syndrome

A

facial plethora
non pulsative distende neck veins
glossitis
headache
blurry vision
distention of thoracic veins
dypnea
upper extremity edema

50
Q

diseases of arteries

A

atherosclerosis
hypertension
orthostatic hypotension
aneurysm
peripheral artery disease
coronary artery disease
chronic stable angina
acute coronary syndrome

51
Q

what Diseases are included in acute coronary syndrome

A

unstable angina
MI

52
Q

what happens with atherosclerosis

A

begins with endothelial injury and evolves to fibrotic plaque that builds and and decreases blood flow and can rupture

53
Q

what happens if plaque in atherosclerosis ruptures

A

can cause
thrombosis
vaso constriction
ischemia
is the most common cause of coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease

54
Q

HTN BP parameters

A

normal 120/80
elevated 120-129/80
HTN >130/>80
HTN crisis >180/>120

55
Q

symptoms of hypertension

A

dizziness
headache
vision changes
angina
SOB
nose bleed

56
Q

risk factors for hypertension

A

smoking
stress
excessive salt intake
family history
african american
increased age
obesity
hyperlipidemia
coronary artery disease
caffeine

57
Q

complications of hypertension

A

stroke
MI
renal failure
heart failure
vision loss

58
Q

treatment of hypertention

A

ace inhibitors
beta blockers
CCB
diuretics
Dash diet
avoid caffeine and alcohol
weight loss
quit smoking
exercise

59
Q

what are aneurysms

A

localized dilation of vessel wall (aorta most common)

60
Q

causes of aneurysms

A

atherosclerosis
HTN
family history
smoking

61
Q

symptoms of abdominal aortic aneurysm

A

most common
abdominal pain, back pain
gnawing and sharp

62
Q

thoracic aortic aneurysm symptoms

A

SOB
hoarseness/ difficulty swallowing
back pain

63
Q

characteristics of ruptured aortic aneurysm

A

life threatening
severe pain
do not palpate pulsating mass

64
Q

who is most at risk for embolism

A

pregnant women
people with A-fib
long bone fracture

65
Q

what is an air embolism

A

complication of surgery
high risk placement of CVC or arterial catheter
position in left lateral trendelenberg (Durants maneuver

66
Q

symptom of fat embolism

A

hypoxia
tachypnea
altered LOC
confusion
dypnea
petechia rash (sometimes)

67
Q

what is peripheral arterial disease

A

atherosclerosis of peripheral arteries

68
Q

assessment of PAD

A

pallor
pulselessness
hairlessness
intermittent laudation
pain in legs while walking
gets better with rest

69
Q

treatment of PAD

A

dangle legs
anti platelet therapy

70
Q

what is coronary artery disease

A

occlusion of coronary artery resulting from atherosclerotic plaques

71
Q

risk factors of coronary artery disease

A

increased age
dyslipidemia
obesity
hypertension
smoking
sedentary life

72
Q

what can coronary artery disease cause

A

myocardial ischemic chronic stable angina-reversable

73
Q

what’s chronic stable angina

A

narrowing of coronary arteries and plaque build up with periods of decreased blood flow leading to decreased o2 and ischemia that causes chest pain that is predictable and goes away with rest and nito

74
Q

what is unstable angina

A

pain that does not go away with rest and nitro, reversible myocardial ischemia can progress to MI

75
Q

MI assessment

A

chest pain that is crushing and can radiate to left arm or jaw and between shoulder blades
epigastric discomfort
fatigue
SOB
vomiting
increased troponin

76
Q

disorders of the heart wall

A

pericarditis
pericardial effusion
cardio myopathies
valve disorders
endocarditis

77
Q

causes of pericarditis

A

infection
tumor
drugs

78
Q

signs of pericarditis

A

chest pain
tachypnea
fever, chills
weakness

79
Q

treatment of pericarditis

A

NSAI
D

80
Q

what is pericardial effusion

A

collection of fluid in pericardial sac the impairs cardiac function if severe obstructive cariogenic shock

81
Q

signs of pericardial effusion

A

chest pain
muffled heart sounds

82
Q

treatment of pericardial effusion

A

pericardiocentesis

83
Q

what can endocarditis lead to

A

valve abnormalities (stenosis, regurgitation)
poor CO
bacteremia
bacterial emboli

84
Q

treatment for endocarditis

A

ABX

Hesi 2 (10 decks)

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