Carcinogenesis

Question 1

The aflatoxins are a risk of what type of cancer?

Answer 1

Hepatocellular carcinoma

– Derived from Aspergillus found in contaminated stored grain

Question 2

What is the most common carcinogen worldwide?

Answer 2

Cigarette smoke

Question 3

The arsenic is a risk of what type of cancer?

Answer 3

squamous cell carcinoma of skin
Lung cancer
Angiosarcoma of the liver

Question 4

The vinyl chloride is a risk of what type of cancer?

Answer 4

angiosarcoma of the liver

– Found in PVC

Question 5

The alcohol is a risk of what type of cancer?

Answer 5

Pancreatic carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx and upper esophagus

Question 6

The alkylating agent is a risk of what type of cancer?

Answer 6

Leukemia and lymphoma

— Side effect of chemotherpay

Question 7

The nitrosamine is a risk of what type of cancer?

Answer 7

Intestinal type stomach carcinoma

Question 8

Exposure of asbestos is a risk of what type of cancer?

Answer 8

More likely to lead to lung cancer than mesothelioma

Question 9

Chinese male with a neck mass with positive EBV. DX?

Answer 9

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Question 10

EBV is a risk of what type of cancer?

Answer 10

Burkitt lymphoma
CNS lymphoma in AIDS
nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Question 11

HHV-8 is a risk of what type of cancer?

Answer 11

Kaposi sarcoma

Question 12

HBV and HCV is a risk of what type of cancer?

Answer 12

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 13

HTKV-1 is a risk of what type of cancer?

Answer 13

adult T cell leukemia/ lymphoma

Question 14

High risk HPV (16, 18, 31,33) are risk of what type of cancer?

Answer 14

Adenocarcinma of cervix

Squamous cell carcinoma of vulva, vagina, anus and cervix

Question 15

Ionizing radiation is a risk of what type of cancer? Why?

Answer 15

• AML, CML, papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

- Generates hydroxyl free radicals

Question 16

Nonionizing radiation (UVB light) is a risk of what type of cancer?

Answer 16

Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma of skin

Question 17

Lymphatic spread is characteristic of what type of cancer?

Answer 17

Carcinoma

Question 18

Hematogenous spread is characteristic of what type of cancer? Specify

Answer 18

Sarcomas
Somo carcinomas sucha as: 
- renal cell carcinoma 
-Hepatocellualr carcinoma 
-Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid 
-Choriocarcinoma

Question 19

seeding of body cavities is characteristic of what type of cancer?

Answer 19

ovarian carcinoma

Question 20

If you diagnose someone with cancer what are the following steps?

Answer 20

Grading and the staging

Question 21

what is the key prognostic factor for cancer?

Answer 21

Staging of cancer

Question 22

What is the meaning of TNM

Answer 22

T umor size and and depth
N spread to regional lymph node
M Metastasis *** isngle most importartan progonosis factor

Question 23

What are the 4 categories of the oncogenes?

Answer 23

1. Growth factors
2. Growth factor receptors
3. signal transducers
   4Cell cycle regulation

Question 24

An overproduction of what growth factor generates an astrocytoma?

Answer 24

PDFGB

Question 25

Pte has history of breast cancer, see that it is a new treatment for it by attacking the GF receptor. Which of the following test will be importatn to perform in order to determine if she should be trated with the drug a) astrogen receptor b) progesterone recpetor c) her2/neu d) RET

Answer 25

c) her2/neu

Question 26

An alteration in RET can cause what type of cancer?

Answer 26

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

Question 27

Pte with pheochromocytoma. what test should you ask to know if he need removal of thyroid?

Answer 27

RET studies

Question 28

What is a commonlu mutade signal traducer seen in multiple tumors?

Answer 28

RAS gene family cause carcinomas, melanomas, and lymphoma

Question 29

What molecules us used to convert the RAS- GTP complex to RAS- GDP?

Answer 29

GAP ( GTase associated protein

Question 30

What translocation defines CML?

Answer 30

t (9:22) Philadelphia chromosome

Question 31

what is the most importatn nuclear regulator?

Answer 31

MYC

Question 32

The burkitt lymphoma is related to what mechanism?

Answer 32

Mutaded c MYC | t ( 8:14) involving the IgH

Question 33

The mantle cell lymphoma is related to what mechanism?

Answer 33

Cyclin D1 alteration t (11:14) involving IgH is a cell cycle regulator

Question 34

A biopsy of a lymph node is performed, it shows expansion of teh region next to the follicle? What is this region?

Answer 34

the mantle

Question 35

What is the hallmark of malignancy in cancer

Answer 35

Metastatic potential

Question 36

Chromogranina in related to waht type of cancer?

Answer 36

Carcinoma of lung and carcinoid tumors

Question 37

Classify each item with its origin tissue - Keratin - Vimentin - Desmin - GFAP - Neurofilament

Answer 37

- Keratin---- epithelium - Vimentin--- mesenchyme - Desmin----- muscle - GFAP---- neuroglia - Neurofilament---- neurofilament

Question 38

What is the function of serum tumor markers

Answer 38

Screening, monitoring response to treatment and monitoring recurrence