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Pathoma > Carcinogenesis > Flashcards

Carcinogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

The aflatoxins are a risk of what type of cancer?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

– Derived from Aspergillus found in contaminated stored grain

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2
Q

What is the most common carcinogen worldwide?

A

Cigarette smoke

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3
Q

The arsenic is a risk of what type of cancer?

A

squamous cell carcinoma of skin
Lung cancer
Angiosarcoma of the liver

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4
Q

The vinyl chloride is a risk of what type of cancer?

A

angiosarcoma of the liver

– Found in PVC

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5
Q

The alcohol is a risk of what type of cancer?

A

Pancreatic carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx and upper esophagus

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6
Q

The alkylating agent is a risk of what type of cancer?

A

Leukemia and lymphoma

— Side effect of chemotherpay

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7
Q

The nitrosamine is a risk of what type of cancer?

A

Intestinal type stomach carcinoma

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8
Q

Exposure of asbestos is a risk of what type of cancer?

A

More likely to lead to lung cancer than mesothelioma

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9
Q

Chinese male with a neck mass with positive EBV. DX?

A

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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10
Q

EBV is a risk of what type of cancer?

A

Burkitt lymphoma
CNS lymphoma in AIDS
nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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11
Q

HHV-8 is a risk of what type of cancer?

A

Kaposi sarcoma

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12
Q

HBV and HCV is a risk of what type of cancer?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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13
Q

HTKV-1 is a risk of what type of cancer?

A

adult T cell leukemia/ lymphoma

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14
Q

High risk HPV (16, 18, 31,33) are risk of what type of cancer?

A

Adenocarcinma of cervix

Squamous cell carcinoma of vulva, vagina, anus and cervix

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15
Q

Ionizing radiation is a risk of what type of cancer? Why?

A
  • AML, CML, papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

- Generates hydroxyl free radicals

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16
Q

Nonionizing radiation (UVB light) is a risk of what type of cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma of skin

17
Q

Lymphatic spread is characteristic of what type of cancer?

A

Carcinoma

18
Q

Hematogenous spread is characteristic of what type of cancer? Specify

A 
Sarcomas
Somo carcinomas sucha as: 
- renal cell carcinoma 
-Hepatocellualr carcinoma 
-Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid 
-Choriocarcinoma
19
Q

seeding of body cavities is characteristic of what type of cancer?

A

ovarian carcinoma

20
Q

If you diagnose someone with cancer what are the following steps?

A

Grading and the staging

21
Q

what is the key prognostic factor for cancer?

A

Staging of cancer

22
Q

What is the meaning of TNM

A

T umor size and and depth
N spread to regional lymph node
M Metastasis *** isngle most importartan progonosis factor

23
Q

What are the 4 categories of the oncogenes?

A
  1. Growth factors
  2. Growth factor receptors
  3. signal transducers
    4Cell cycle regulation
24
Q

An overproduction of what growth factor generates an astrocytoma?

A

PDFGB

25
Q

Pte has history of breast cancer, see that it is a new treatment for it by attacking the GF receptor. Which of the following test will be importatn to perform in order to determine if she should be trated with the drug

a) astrogen receptor
b) progesterone recpetor
c) her2/neu
d) RET

A

c) her2/neu

26
Q

An alteration in RET can cause what type of cancer?

A

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

27
Q

Pte with pheochromocytoma. what test should you ask to know if he need removal of thyroid?

A

RET studies

28
Q

What is a commonlu mutade signal traducer seen in multiple tumors?

A

RAS gene family

cause carcinomas, melanomas, and lymphoma

29
Q

What molecules us used to convert the RAS- GTP complex to RAS- GDP?

A

GAP ( GTase associated protein

30
Q

What translocation defines CML?

A

t (9:22) Philadelphia chromosome

31
Q

what is the most importatn nuclear regulator?

A

MYC

32
Q

The burkitt lymphoma is related to what mechanism?

A

Mutaded c MYC

t ( 8:14) involving the IgH

33
Q

The mantle cell lymphoma is related to what mechanism?

A

Cyclin D1 alteration
t (11:14) involving IgH

is a cell cycle regulator

34
Q

A biopsy of a lymph node is performed, it shows expansion of teh region next to the follicle? What is this region?

A

the mantle

35
Q

What is the hallmark of malignancy in cancer

A

Metastatic potential

36
Q

Chromogranina in related to waht type of cancer?

A

Carcinoma of lung and carcinoid tumors

37
Q

Classify each item with its origin tissue

  • Keratin
  • Vimentin
  • Desmin
  • GFAP
  • Neurofilament
A
  • Keratin—- epithelium
  • Vimentin— mesenchyme
  • Desmin—– muscle
  • GFAP—- neuroglia
  • Neurofilament—- neurofilament
38
Q

What is the function of serum tumor markers

A

Screening, monitoring response to treatment and monitoring recurrence

Pathoma (14 decks)

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