Carcinogenesis Flashcards
Cancer cells resist apoptosis. What is apoptosis?
Apoptosis refers to the induction of cell death in aging or damaged cells
How do antiangiogenesis factors work?
Suppress a tumors ability to stimulate growth of new blood vessels thereby preventing an avenue for mets
What does syndrome of inappropriate antidiurectic hormone look like clinically?
Extreme thirst headaches weakness and low sodium levels
What does the prefix Adeno refer to?
Glandular tissue
Where do sarcomas originate?
Connective tissue
Where do carcinomas arise?
Epithelial cells
Neoadjuvant therapy
Chemo first and then surgery
What is adjuvant therapy?
Surgery first and then chemo
Most common sites for metastatic disease?
Bone liver lung and cns
TNM staging system
T- Tumor size
N- node involvement
M- presence of mets
Benign tumors don’t ______
Metastasize
Proto-oncogenes do what?
Regulate normal cell growth and repair
Dysplasia
Variations in cell size shape and organization
Explain 1-4 grading system
The term grade refers to the degree to which tumor cells resemble their normal counterparts. Grade 1 tumors most closely resemble their normal cellular counterparts and are termed low-grade or well differentiated cancers. Conversely, Grades II and III represent increasing dissimilarity with grade IV characterized as the most poorly differentiated tumor and hence the “highest” grade
