Carbs Flashcards
1
Q
Most abundant monosaccharide
A
D-glucose
Aka dextrose
2
Q
-OH points to right
A
D
3
Q
-OH points to left
A
L
4
Q
Most sugars are D or L?
A
D
5
Q
D or L sugars fit in taste receptors?
A
D
6
Q
Cyclized aldose
A
Hemiacetal
7
Q
Cyclized ketose
A
Hemiketal
8
Q
Aldohexose, anomeric carbon is carbon
A
1
9
Q
Ketohexose, anomeric carbon is carbon
A
2
10
Q
Test for reducing sugars uses
A
Fehling’s reagent
11
Q
Disaccharides formed from
A
Dehydration/condensation reactions
12
Q
Maltose
A
Glucose- alpha (1-4)- glucose
13
Q
Isomaltose
A
Glucose - alpha (1-6) glucose
14
Q
Cellulose repeated changes of
A
Glucose - beta (1–4) glucose
15
Q
Non reducing sugar
A
Sucrose
16
Q
Sucrose
A
Glucose (alpha 1- beta 2)- fructose
17
Q
Lactose
A
Galactose - beta (1-4) glucose
18
Q
Starch
A
Homoglycan of D glucose
19
Q
Glycogen
A
Homoglycan of D glucose
20
Q
Amylose
A
Glucose-alpha (1-4) glucose
21
Q
Amylopectin
A
Glucose-alpha (1-4)- glucose
Alpha (1-6) bonds every 24-30
22
Q
Most digesting enzymes start at
A
Non-reducing ends
23
Q
HFCS mix of
A
Glucose and fructose
24
Q
Glycogen mostly __ with ___ every ____
A
Glucose -alpha (1-4)- glucose
Alpha (1-6) every 8-12
25
Liver glycogen used to
Regulate blood glucose
26
Muscle glycogen used for
Energy during exercise
27
Dextrans produced by ___ and are found ___
bacteria and yeast
Dental plaque - highly adhesive
28
Dextrans
Homoglycan of glucose
29
Energy fermentable fiber yeilds
1.5-2 cal/g
30
Pectin is a ___ found where?
Heteroglycan
Inside of fruits and veggies
31
Pectin used as
Jelling agent
32
Gums are __ found where?
Heteroglycan
Tree, shrub, seeds, seaweed, oatmeal, legumes, barley
33
Beta glucans are ___ important for __
Homoglycan of glucose
Decreasing cholesterol, TG and glucose absorption
34
Fructans are ___ found where
Homoglycan of glucose
Chicory root, bananas, tomatoes, artichokes, garlic, onions, asparagus
35
Which is a prebiotic?
Fructans
Stimulate growth of good bacteria in gut
36
Inulin
11-60 fructoses long
37
FOS
2-10 fructoses long
38
Cellulose found
Peels of fruits and veggies, bran, legumes, root veggies, nuts
39
Chitin is __ found where?
Homoglycan of N-acetylglucosamine in B(1-4) bonds
Exoskeleton
40
Chitin is a source for supplemental
Glucosamine
41
Most abundant heteropolysaccharides in body
GAGs
42
All GAGs have sulfate except
HA
43
Hyaluronic acid
Lubricator in synovial fluid, tendons, cartilage
Huge
44
Chondroitin sulfate
Most abundant GAG in body
Gives tensile strength to cartilage, tendons
45
Keratin sulfate
Cornea, Cartilage, bone, hair, nails
46
Dermatan sulfate
Skin, blood vessels
47
Heparan sulfate
All cells
48
Heparin
Derived from mast cells
49
Types of glycoconjugates
Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins
Glycosphingolipids
50
N-linked glycoprotein attached to
Asparagine
51
O linked glycoproteins attached to
Serine or threonine
52
Signals in oligosaccharides read by receptor proteins called
Lectins
53
Lectins important for
Cell-cell recognition, adhesion, signaling
54
Special lectin that mediates cell-cell interactions
Selectins
55
Which selection in endothelium binds to glycoproteins on WBC
P-selectin
56
Most carbs we consume
Starch
Sugars
Glycogen
57
Glucosidases
Carb digesting enzymes
58
Salivary alpha amylase
Randomly digests alpha (1-4) bonds in starch and glycogen
59
Products of salivary alpha amylase
Short oligosaccharides (dextrins)
60
Where are carbs not digested
Stomach
61
Soluble fiber ___ gastric emptying
Delays
Increases satiety
62
Pancreatic alpha- amylase digests
Alpha (1-4) bonds in starch and glycogen
63
Products of pancreatic alpha amylase
Glucose, maltose, isomaltose
64
Brush border enzymes digest sugars into
Monosaccharides
Glucose, galactose, fructose
65
Brush border enzymes
Lactase
Maltase
Sucrase
Isomaltase
66
Lactase deficiency causes
Lactose malabsorption
67
Lactose goes to LI and is
Fermented to Short chain FA and gas
68
In LI, soluble fermentable fiber fermented to
Short chain FA and gas
69
In LI, insoluble fiber
Excreted unchanged in feces
70
Glucose and galactose absorbed via
Active transport via SGLT1
71
Enterocytes absorb monosaccharides and transported via ___ to liver
Portal vein
72
Monosaccharides transported out of enterocyte via
GLUT2
73
Primary active transport in glucose/galactose transport
Na/K pump
74
Secondary active transport in glucose/galactose transport
SGLT1
75
After sugar-rich meal...
GLUT2 inserted into brushborder membrane
76
GLUT2 absorbs glucose via ___ after sugar rich meal
Facilitated diffusion
77
Following insulin secretion...
Insulin pulls GLUT2 from brushborder membrane to decrease glucose absorption
78
Fructose transported via
Facilitated diffusion via GLUT5
79
GLUT4
Insulin stimulated
Required to transport glucose from plasma to muscle and adipose tissue
80
Normal fasting blood glucose
70-99 mg/dL
81
Hypoglycemic fasting blood glucose
< 70 mg/dL
82
Prediabetic fasting blood glucose
100-125 mg/dL
83
Diabetic fasting blood glucose
>126 mg/dL
84
Insulin secreted in response to
High plasma glucose
Plasma AA (arginine)
CCK
GIP
85
Insulin inhibited by
Low plasma glucose
Stress
86
After insulin binds to receptor, ___ goes to Golgi complex
IRS-1
87
Glucagon secreted in response to
Low plasma glucose
Epinephrine or Norepinephrine
88
Glucagon inhibited by
High plasma glucose
Insulin
89
Insulin is the
Builder
Glycogen, TG, muscle
90
Glucagon is the
Breaker
Liver glycogen, TG, muscle for gluconeogenesis
91
Symptoms of diabetes
Frequent urination
Dehydration
Thirst
92
Excess blood sugar leads to accumulation of
Advanced Glycation end products (AGEs)
93
Macrovascular complication
AGEs accumulate in large blood vessels causing CVD
94
Microvascular complications
AGEs accumulate in small blood vessels causing retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy
95
Common AGE of hemoglobin + glucose
HbA1c
96
AGEs formed from
Browning foods that contain AA and sugars
| Maillard browning
97
AGEs must bind to __ to have effect in body
Soluble RAGE
98
__ can decrease body’s ability to synthesize rAGE
Exercise
99
__ can inhibit AGE formation
Plant-based antioxidants
100
HA contains
Glucoronic acid
| N-acetylglucosamine
101
Proteoglycans found in
ECM
Synovial fluid
Disc
102
Insoluble fiber ___ GI motility
Increases
103
Viscous soluble fiber examples
Pectin
Gums
Beta glucans
104
Fermentable soluble fiber examples
Pectin
Gums
Beta glucans
Fructans
105
Glycoproteins used for
Signals
| Surface recognition, mucins and blood types
106
In stomach, viscous fiber swells and can bind
Sugars, TG, cholesterol
107
Long term marker for diabetes
HbA1c
108
Every 1% increase in HbA1c =
10% increase in Microvascular complications
