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Biochemistry > Carbs > Flashcards

Carbs Flashcards

1
Q

Most abundant monosaccharide

A

D-glucose

Aka dextrose

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2
Q

-OH points to right

A

D

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3
Q

-OH points to left

A

L

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4
Q

Most sugars are D or L?

A

D

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5
Q

D or L sugars fit in taste receptors?

A

D

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6
Q

Cyclized aldose

A

Hemiacetal

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7
Q

Cyclized ketose

A

Hemiketal

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8
Q

Aldohexose, anomeric carbon is carbon

A

1

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9
Q

Ketohexose, anomeric carbon is carbon

A

2

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10
Q

Test for reducing sugars uses

A

Fehling’s reagent

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11
Q

Disaccharides formed from

A

Dehydration/condensation reactions

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12
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose- alpha (1-4)- glucose

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13
Q

Isomaltose

A

Glucose - alpha (1-6) glucose

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14
Q

Cellulose repeated changes of

A

Glucose - beta (1–4) glucose

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15
Q

Non reducing sugar

A

Sucrose

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16
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose (alpha 1- beta 2)- fructose

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17
Q

Lactose

A

Galactose - beta (1-4) glucose

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18
Q

Starch

A

Homoglycan of D glucose

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19
Q

Glycogen

A

Homoglycan of D glucose

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20
Q

Amylose

A

Glucose-alpha (1-4) glucose

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21
Q

Amylopectin

A

Glucose-alpha (1-4)- glucose

Alpha (1-6) bonds every 24-30

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22
Q

Most digesting enzymes start at

A

Non-reducing ends

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23
Q

HFCS mix of

A

Glucose and fructose

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24
Q

Glycogen mostly __ with ___ every ____

A

Glucose -alpha (1-4)- glucose

Alpha (1-6) every 8-12

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25
Q

Liver glycogen used to

A

Regulate blood glucose

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26
Q

Muscle glycogen used for

A

Energy during exercise

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27
Q

Dextrans produced by ___ and are found ___

A

bacteria and yeast

Dental plaque - highly adhesive

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28
Q

Dextrans

A

Homoglycan of glucose

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29
Q

Energy fermentable fiber yeilds

A

1.5-2 cal/g

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30
Q

Pectin is a ___ found where?

A

Heteroglycan

Inside of fruits and veggies

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31
Q

Pectin used as

A

Jelling agent

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32
Q

Gums are __ found where?

A

Heteroglycan

Tree, shrub, seeds, seaweed, oatmeal, legumes, barley

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33
Q

Beta glucans are ___ important for __

A

Homoglycan of glucose

Decreasing cholesterol, TG and glucose absorption

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34
Q

Fructans are ___ found where

A

Homoglycan of glucose

Chicory root, bananas, tomatoes, artichokes, garlic, onions, asparagus

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35
Q

Which is a prebiotic?

A

Fructans

Stimulate growth of good bacteria in gut

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36
Q

Inulin

A

11-60 fructoses long

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37
Q

FOS

A

2-10 fructoses long

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38
Q

Cellulose found

A

Peels of fruits and veggies, bran, legumes, root veggies, nuts

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39
Q

Chitin is __ found where?

A

Homoglycan of N-acetylglucosamine in B(1-4) bonds

Exoskeleton

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40
Q

Chitin is a source for supplemental

A

Glucosamine

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41
Q

Most abundant heteropolysaccharides in body

A

GAGs

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42
Q

All GAGs have sulfate except

A

HA

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43
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

Lubricator in synovial fluid, tendons, cartilage

Huge

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44
Q

Chondroitin sulfate

A

Most abundant GAG in body

Gives tensile strength to cartilage, tendons

45
Q

Keratin sulfate

A

Cornea, Cartilage, bone, hair, nails

46
Q

Dermatan sulfate

A

Skin, blood vessels

47
Q

Heparan sulfate

A

All cells

48
Q

Heparin

A

Derived from mast cells

49
Q

Types of glycoconjugates

A

Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins
Glycosphingolipids

50
Q

N-linked glycoprotein attached to

A

Asparagine

51
Q

O linked glycoproteins attached to

A

Serine or threonine

52
Q

Signals in oligosaccharides read by receptor proteins called

A

Lectins

53
Q

Lectins important for

A

Cell-cell recognition, adhesion, signaling

54
Q

Special lectin that mediates cell-cell interactions

A

Selectins

55
Q

Which selection in endothelium binds to glycoproteins on WBC

A

P-selectin

56
Q

Most carbs we consume

A

Starch
Sugars
Glycogen

57
Q

Glucosidases

A

Carb digesting enzymes

58
Q

Salivary alpha amylase

A

Randomly digests alpha (1-4) bonds in starch and glycogen

59
Q

Products of salivary alpha amylase

A

Short oligosaccharides (dextrins)

60
Q

Where are carbs not digested

A

Stomach

61
Q

Soluble fiber ___ gastric emptying

A

Delays

Increases satiety

62
Q

Pancreatic alpha- amylase digests

A

Alpha (1-4) bonds in starch and glycogen

63
Q

Products of pancreatic alpha amylase

A

Glucose, maltose, isomaltose

64
Q

Brush border enzymes digest sugars into

A

Monosaccharides

Glucose, galactose, fructose

65
Q

Brush border enzymes

A

Lactase
Maltase
Sucrase
Isomaltase

66
Q

Lactase deficiency causes

A

Lactose malabsorption

67
Q

Lactose goes to LI and is

A

Fermented to Short chain FA and gas

68
Q

In LI, soluble fermentable fiber fermented to

A

Short chain FA and gas

69
Q

In LI, insoluble fiber

A

Excreted unchanged in feces

70
Q

Glucose and galactose absorbed via

A

Active transport via SGLT1

71
Q

Enterocytes absorb monosaccharides and transported via ___ to liver

A

Portal vein

72
Q

Monosaccharides transported out of enterocyte via

A

GLUT2

73
Q

Primary active transport in glucose/galactose transport

A

Na/K pump

74
Q

Secondary active transport in glucose/galactose transport

A

SGLT1

75
Q

After sugar-rich meal…

A

GLUT2 inserted into brushborder membrane

76
Q

GLUT2 absorbs glucose via ___ after sugar rich meal

A

Facilitated diffusion

77
Q

Following insulin secretion…

A

Insulin pulls GLUT2 from brushborder membrane to decrease glucose absorption

78
Q

Fructose transported via

A

Facilitated diffusion via GLUT5

79
Q

GLUT4

A

Insulin stimulated

Required to transport glucose from plasma to muscle and adipose tissue

80
Q

Normal fasting blood glucose

A

70-99 mg/dL

81
Q

Hypoglycemic fasting blood glucose

A

< 70 mg/dL

82
Q

Prediabetic fasting blood glucose

A

100-125 mg/dL

83
Q

Diabetic fasting blood glucose

A

> 126 mg/dL

84
Q

Insulin secreted in response to

A

High plasma glucose

Plasma AA (arginine)

CCK

GIP

85
Q

Insulin inhibited by

A

Low plasma glucose

Stress

86
Q

After insulin binds to receptor, ___ goes to Golgi complex

A

IRS-1

87
Q

Glucagon secreted in response to

A

Low plasma glucose

Epinephrine or Norepinephrine

88
Q

Glucagon inhibited by

A

High plasma glucose

Insulin

89
Q

Insulin is the

A

Builder

Glycogen, TG, muscle

90
Q

Glucagon is the

A

Breaker

Liver glycogen, TG, muscle for gluconeogenesis

91
Q

Symptoms of diabetes

A

Frequent urination

Dehydration

Thirst

92
Q

Excess blood sugar leads to accumulation of

A

Advanced Glycation end products (AGEs)

93
Q

Macrovascular complication

A

AGEs accumulate in large blood vessels causing CVD

94
Q

Microvascular complications

A

AGEs accumulate in small blood vessels causing retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy

95
Q

Common AGE of hemoglobin + glucose

A

HbA1c

96
Q

AGEs formed from

A

Browning foods that contain AA and sugars

Maillard browning

97
Q

AGEs must bind to __ to have effect in body

A

Soluble RAGE

98
Q

__ can decrease body’s ability to synthesize rAGE

A

Exercise

99
Q

__ can inhibit AGE formation

A

Plant-based antioxidants

100
Q

HA contains

A

Glucoronic acid

N-acetylglucosamine

101
Q

Proteoglycans found in

A

ECM
Synovial fluid
Disc

102
Q

Insoluble fiber ___ GI motility

A

Increases

103
Q

Viscous soluble fiber examples

A

Pectin
Gums
Beta glucans

104
Q

Fermentable soluble fiber examples

A

Pectin
Gums
Beta glucans
Fructans

105
Q

Glycoproteins used for

A

Signals

Surface recognition, mucins and blood types

106
Q

In stomach, viscous fiber swells and can bind

A

Sugars, TG, cholesterol

107
Q

Long term marker for diabetes

A

HbA1c

108
Q

Every 1% increase in HbA1c =

A

10% increase in Microvascular complications

Biochemistry (7 decks)

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