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AQA A-Level Chemistry > Carboxylic Acids and its derivatives > Flashcards

Carboxylic Acids and its derivatives Flashcards

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1
Q

What are carboxylic acids reduced to?

A

Aldehydes

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2
Q

Are carboxylic acids weak or strong?

A

Weak

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3
Q

What is a test for carboxylic acids?

A

Add a named carbonate such as Na2CO3, and bubbles of CO2 will be produced

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4
Q

Give a formulaic equation to show what happens when a carboxylic acid is reacted with Na2CO3

A

RCOOH + Na2CO3 –> RCOO-Na+ (salt of carboxylic acid) + CO2 + H2O

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5
Q

An ester is formed from an alcohol and carboxylic acid in a process called ____

A

Esterification

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6
Q

Which reactants and catalyst are required for esterification?

A

Alcohol and carboxylic acid
Conc. H2SO4 catalyst

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7
Q

What is the general formula for an ester?

A

RCOOR

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8
Q

Esterification produces an ester. What else is produced?

A

H2O

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9
Q

What is the suffix for esters?

A

-anoate

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10
Q

How do you name an ester?

A

RO- alkyl group from alcohol followed by RC=O carboxylate from the acid

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11
Q

What were the reactants used to produce methylethylmethanoate?

A

Methanoic acid
propan-2-ol

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12
Q

How can the esterification reaction be reversed?

A

By acid or alkali hydrolysis

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13
Q

What is the difference in products of acid and alkaline hydrolysis?

A

Acid - alcohol and carboxylic acid
Alkaline - alcohol and salt of carboxylic acid

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14
Q

Triglycerides are sters of what?

A

Glycerol with fatty acids

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15
Q

Give an example of a reactant that could be used to turn an ester into a carboxylate salt and an alcohol

A

NaOH
(alkali)

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16
Q

What is IUPAC name for glycerol?

A

propane-1,2,3-triol

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17
Q

Give a use for glycerol

A

Used in cosmetics, foods and glues to stop them drying out

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18
Q

Give a use for the salts of fatty acids

A

Soap

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19
Q

State what is meant by the term ‘biodiesel’

A

A clean burning renewable fuel made using natural vegetable oils and fats

20
Q

What reactant, when added to triglycerides, produces glycerol and FAMEs?

A

3CH3OH
(an alcohol)

21
Q

State what is meant by ‘acylation’

A

A reaction in which the acyl group (RC=O) is introduced into another molecule by replacing a H atom

22
Q

Which two types of molecules can perform acylation?

A

Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides

23
Q

What is the general formula and suffix of acyl chlorides?

A

RCOCl
-anoyl chloride

24
Q

What is the general formula and suffix of acid anhydrides?

A

-anoic anhydride

25
Q

What is the leaving group (X) of an acyl chloride and what does it go on to make?

A

Cl
HCl

26
Q

What is the leaving group of an acid anhydride (X) and what does it go on to make?

A

RCOO-
RCOOH

27
Q

What are the conditions for the acylation of water to give carboxylic acids?

A

Room temp. and pressure

28
Q

Give the general formula for the acylation of water to give carboxylic acids

A

RCOX + H20 –> RCOOH + HX

29
Q

What are the conditions for the acylation of alcohols to esters?

A

Anhydrous room temp and pressure

30
Q

What are the conditions for the acylation of ammonia to amides?

A

Anhydrous room temperature and pressure

31
Q

What are the conditions for the acylation of primary amines to N-substituted amides?

A

Anhydrous room temperature and pressure

32
Q

Give the general formula for the acylation of primary amines to N-substituted amides

A

RCOX + 2R’NH2 –> RCONHR’ + R’NH3+X-

33
Q

Give the general formula for the acylation of ammonia to amides

A

RCOX + 2NH3 –> RCONH2 + NH4+X-

34
Q

Give the general formula for the acylation of alcohols to esters

A

RCOX + R’OH –> RCOOR’ + HX

35
Q

Give the functional group and suffix of an amide

A

RC=ONH2
-anamide

36
Q

Give the functional group and nomenclature procedure for an N-substituted amide

A

NHR (H of NH2 substited for C chain)
N-(C chain) first, followed by the ‘other side’ as such - for which you count the first C as the one with the C=O

37
Q

Acylation involves what type of reaction mechanism?

A

Nucleophilic addition-elimination

38
Q

What is the functional group of acid anhydrides?

A

RCOOCOR’

39
Q

A student checks the melting point of their lab made aspirin to indicate its purity. State two observations that would indicate the sample is not pure

A

The sample has a lower melting point than the data book value
The sample will melt over a wider range of temperatures

40
Q

The melting point of aspirin may indicate its purity. Suggest why the melting point may be different from the data book value even if the sample is pure

A

Inaccurate thermometer
The temperature at the bulb of the thermometer may not be that of the sample

41
Q

What are the industrial advantages of using ethanoic anhydride rather than ethanoyl chloride in the manufacture of aspirin?

A

Ethanoyl chloride produces HCl gas which is toxic and an irritant, and is more expensive

42
Q

What is a common use of esters?

A

Solvents
Plasticisers
Perfumes
Food flavouring

43
Q

Describe the mechanism of the nucleophillic addition-elimination mechanism of ethanoyl chloride with water.

A
44
Q

Describe the mechanism of the nucleophillic addition-elimination mechanism of ethanoyl chloride with ethanol.

A
45
Q

Describe the mechanism of the nucleophillic addition-elimination mechanism of one ethanoyl chloride with one ammonia.

A
46
Q

Describe the mechanism of the nucleophillic addition-elimination mechanism of one ethanoyl chloride with one ethanamide.

A
47
Q

What two reactants form aspirin?

A

Salacylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid) and ethanoic anhydride to form aspirin and ethanoic acid.

AQA A-Level Chemistry (36 decks)

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