Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Flashcards

1
Q

condensation products of carboxylic acids and ammonia or amines

A

amides

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2
Q

condensation products of carboxylic acids with alcohols (Fischer Esterification)

A

esters

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3
Q

condensation dimers of carboxylic acids

A

anhydrides

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4
Q

order of reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives in nucleophilic substitution reactions

A

anhydrides, esters, then amides

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5
Q

describes when a reaction cannot proceed (or significantly slows) because of substituents crowding the reactive site

A

steric hindrance

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6
Q

groups, such as acetals, that can be used to increase steric hindrance or otherwise decrease the reactivity of a particular portion of a molecule

A

protecting groups

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7
Q

refers to uneven distribution of charge across a σ bond because of differences in electronegativity; the more electronegative groups in a carbonyl-containing compound, the greater its reactivity

A

induction

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8
Q

refers to the presence of alternating single and multiple bonds, which creates delocalized π electron clouds above and below the plane of the molecule; electrons experience resonance through the unhybridized p-orbitals, increasing stability; conjugated carbonyl containing compounds are more reactive because they can stabilize their transition state

A

conjugation

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9
Q

increased amounts can make a molecule more reactive; β-lactams are prone to hydrolysis because they have significant ring ____

A

strain

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10
Q

is due to torsional strain from eclipsing interactions and angle strain form compressing bond angles below 109.5°

A

ring strain

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11
Q

splits an anhydride in two by the addition of a nucleophile

A

cleavage reaction

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12
Q

cleavage reaction:

nucleophile thats addition results in an amide and a carboxylic acid

A

addition of ammonia or an amine

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13
Q

cleavage reaction:

nucleophile thats addition results in an ester and a carboxylic acid

A

addition of an alcohol

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14
Q

cleavage reaction:

nucleophile thats addition results in two carboxylic acids

A

addition of water

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15
Q

the exchange of one esterifying group for another on an ester; the attacking nucleophile is an alcohol; one ester is simply transformed into another one

A

transesterification

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16
Q

can be hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids under strongly acidic or basic conditions; the attacking nucleophile is water or the hydroxide ion

A

amides