Alcohols Flashcards

1
Q

have the general formula ROH, with the functional group -OH referred to as a hydroxyl group; named with suffix -ol, if not highest priority named as substituent with prefix hydroxy-

A

alcohol

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2
Q

benzene ring with hydroxyl groups; named for relative position of hydroxyl group: ortho- (adjacent carbons), meta- (one carbon in between), or para- (opposite sides of ring); more acidic than other alcohols because aromatic ring can delocalize the charge of the conjugate base

A

phenol

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3
Q

ability raises boiling and melting points of alcohols relative to corresponding alkanes, and increases solubility of alcohols

A

hydrogen bonding

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4
Q

groups that decrease acidity because they destabilize negative charges, such as alkyl groups

A

EDG (electron donating group)

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5
Q

groups that increase acidity because they stabilize negative charges, such as electronegative atoms and aromatic rings

A

EWG (electron withdrawing group)

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6
Q

only reagent that can oxidize primary alcohols only to aldehydes, would be oxidized to carboxylic acids by any stronger oxidizing agents

A

PCC (pyridinium chlorochromate)

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7
Q

oxidize primary alcohols to carboxylic acids and secondary alcohols to ketones

A

CrO3, Na2Cr2O7, or K2Cr2O7 ( chromium trioxide, sodium dichromate, or potassium dichromate)

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8
Q

can be oxidized to ketones by any common oxidizing agents

A

secondary alcohols

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9
Q

other forms alcohols can be converted to to make them better leaving groups for nucleophilic substitution reactions

A

mesylates and tosylates

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10
Q

contain functional group -SO3CH3, derived from methanesulfonic acid

A

mesylates

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11
Q

structure of a mesylate anion

A
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12
Q

contain functional group -SO3C6H4CH3, derived from toluenesulfonic acid

A

tosylate

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13
Q

structure of a tosylate

A
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14
Q

aldehydes and ketones can be protected by being converted to ____ and ____; formed by reacting two equivalents of an alcohol or a diol with a carbonyl

A

acetals and ketals

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15
Q

a primary carbon with two -OR groups and a H atom

A

acetal

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16
Q

a secondary carbon with two -OR groups

A

ketal

17
Q

conversion of an acetal or ketal back to a carbonyl by catalytic acid

A

deprotection

18
Q

what is happening in the reaction towards the right

A

protection of a ketone by ketal formation using a dialcohol

19
Q

synthesized through oxidation of phenols; resonance stabilized nucleophiles

A

quinones

20
Q

vitamin K(1); biochemically relevant quinone important for photosynthesis and carboxylation of some clotting factors in the blood

A

phylloquinone

21
Q

vitamin K(2); biochemically relevant quinone

A

menaquinone

22
Q

a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups

A

hydroquinone

23
Q

contains two carbonyls and a variable number of hydroxyl groups produced by oxidation of quinones, adding a variable number of hydroxyl groups

A

hydroxyquinone

24
Q

coenzyme Q; a biologically active quinone that acts as an electron acceptor in Complexes I, II, and III of the electron transport chain

A

ubiquinone

25
Q

ubiquinone is reduced to ____

A

ubiquinol