Carbon And Its Compounds Flashcards
Carbon is one of the most important non-metallic element ________ named Carbon from the Latin word ‘Carbo’ meaning coal
Antoine Lavoisier
The earth’s crust contains only ______ of carbon (i.e.320 parts per million by weight) in the form of minerals like carbonates, coal and petroleum and the atmosphere has only ______ of carbon dioxide (i.e.300 parts per million by weight).
0.032%
0.03%
A large number of things which we use in our daily life are made up of carbon compounds
So, without carbon there is no possibility for the existence of plants and animals including human.
Carbon Chemistry is also called as .
Living Chemistry
In _______, French scientist Antoine Lavoisier pooled resources with other chemists to buy a diamond, which they placed in a closed glass jar.
1772
They focused the Sun’s rays on the diamond with a remarkable giant magnifying glass and saw the diamond burn and disappear. Lavoisier noted that the overall weight of the jar was unchanged and that when it burned, the diamond had combined with oxygen to form carbon dioxide
_______ concluded that diamond and charcoal were made of the same element - carbon.
Antoine Lavoisier
In 1779, Swedish scientist _____ showed that graphite also burned to form carbon dioxide
Carl Scheele
In 1796, English chemist _____ established that diamond is pure carbon and not a compound of carbon
Smithson Tennant
Diamond it burned to form only carbon dioxide. ______ also proved that when equal weights of charcoal and diamonds were burned, they produced the same amount of carbon dioxide.
Tennant
In 1855, English chemist ______produced pure graphite from carbon, proving graphite is a form of carbon.
Benjamin Brodie
1955 American scientist ______ and his co-workers at ‘General Electric’ company finally demonstrated that graphite could be transformed into diamond at high temperature and pressure
Francis Bundy
In 1985, _________ discovered fullerenes, a new form of carbon in which the atoms are arranged in soccer-ball shapes
Robert Curl, Harry Kroto and Richard Smalley
Graphene, consists of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in ______
hexagons
Graphene’s discovery was announced in 2004 by ________
Kostya Novoselov and Andre Geim,
early 19th century, Berzelius classified carbon compounds based on their source as follows
Organic Carbon Compounds
InOrganic Carbon Compounds
________ These are the compounds of carbon obtained from living organisms such as plants and animals. e.g. Ethanol, cellulose, Starch,
Organic Carbon Compounds:
________: These are the compounds containing carbon but obtained from non-living matter. e.g. Calcium Carbonate, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon dioxide
Inorganic Carbon Compounds
there are various classes of organic carbon compounds such as
hydrocarbons, alcohols, dehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids, amino acids, etc
Among Them ________ are the major classes of inorganic carbon compounds.
oxides, carbides, sulphides, cyanides, carbonates and bicarbonates
Not a natural component of air. Mainly added to atmosphere due to ancomplete combustion of fuels
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbon monoxide (CO.
Uses
Main component of water gas (CO+H₂).
Reducing agent.
Occurs in nature as free and combined forms. Combined form is found in minerals like limestone, magnesite. Formed by complete combustion of carbon or coke.
Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
Carbon dioxide
Uses
Fire extinguisher, preservative for fruits, making bread, to manufacture urea, carbonated water. nitrogenous fertilizers, dry ice in refrigerator
Prepared by heating calcium oxide and coke.
Calcium Carbide
Calcium Carbide
Uses
To manufacture graphite and hydrogen. To prepare acetylene gas for welding.
Directly prepared from Carbon and Sulphur
Carbon disulphide (CS2)
Carbon disulphide (CS2)
Uses
Solvent for sulphur. To manufacture rayon, fungicide, insecticide
Prepared by passing Carbondioxide into the solution of slaked lime
Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3 )
Calcium Carbonate
Uses
Antacid
Formed by treating sodium hydroxide with carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
Preparation of sodium carbonate, baking powder, antacid
Catenation
Catenation is binding of an element to itself or with other elements through covalent bonds to form open chain or closed chain compounds.
Carbon atom links repeatedly to itself through covalent bond to form
linear chain, branched chain or ring Structure.
_____ property of carbon itself is the reason for the presence of large number of organic carbon compounds.
Catenation
For example, starch and cellulose contain chains of hundreds of carbon atoms. Even plastics we use in our daily life are macro molecules of catenated carbon compounds.
carbon has the tendency to share its four electrons with other atoms to complete its octet. This is called its .
tetravalency
carbon can form ________ bond with other elements.
four covalent
carbon is able to combine with other elements or with itself through single bond, double bond and triple bond
Multiple bond
single bond,
double bond
triple bond.
Class of compounds
Alkane
Alkene
Alkyne
This phenomenon in which the same molecular formula may exhibit different structural arrangement is called .
isomerism
In compound ‘a, the oxygen atom is attached to a hydrogen and a carbon. It is an _______. Whereas in compound ‘b’, the oxygen atom is attached to two carbon atoms and it is an ____.
alcohol
ether
property by which an element can exist in more than one form that are physically different and chemically similar The different forms of that element are called its
allotropes
Diamond
In diamond, each carbon atom shares its four valence electrons with four other carbon atoms forming four covalent bonds.
Here the atoms are arranged in repeated tetrahedral fashion which leads to a three dimensional structure accounting for its hardness and rigidity.
Graphite:
In graphite, each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms through covalent bonds in the same plane.
This arrangement forms hexagonal layers (which are held together one over other by weak Vander Waals forces. Since the layers are held by weak forces,
graphite is softer than diamond.
fullerene
The third crystalline allotrope of carbon is fullerene. The best known fullerene is Buckminster fullerene, which consists of 60 carbon atoms joined together in a series of 5- and 6- membered to form spherical molecule resembling a soccer ball. So its formula is C60
A large family of fullerenes exists, starting at _____
C20 and reaching up to C540
________ is most recently produced allotrope of carbon which consists of honeycomb shaped hexagonal ring repeatedly arranged in a plane
Graphene
______ is the thinnest compound known to man at one atom thick. It is the lightest material known and the strongest compound discovered (100-300 times stronger than steel)
Graphene
Graphene with 1 square metre weighing around
0.77 milligrams
Layers of graphene are stacked on top of each other to form graphite, with an inter planar spacing of
0.335 nanometres
The separate layers of graphene in graphite are held together by
Vander Waals forces.
Amorphous forms of carbon
In amorphous form of carbon, carbon atoms are arranged in random manner. These form of carbon are obtained when wood is heated in the absence of air. E.g., charcoal
Carbon is a non-metal found in various allotropic forms from
soft powder to hard solid.
All the allotropic forms of carbon are ________ whereas its compounds exist in solid, liquid and gaseous state
solids
Amorphous forms of carbon and graphite are almost ________, Diamond is transparent and shiny.
black in colour and opaque.
Its ________ have low melting and boiling point compared to crystalline forms
amorphous forms
Carbon is insoluble in water and other common solvents. But some of its compounds are soluble in water and other solvents. e.g., ______ are soluble in water.
Ethanol, CO,
Elemental carbon undergoes no reaction at room temperature and limited number of reactions at elevated temperatures.
But its compounds undergo large number of reactions even at room temperature.
Carbon combines with oxygen to form its oxides like ________ with evolution of heat.
carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂)
Organic carbon compounds like hydrocarbon also undergo oxidation to form oxides and steam with evolution of heat and flame. This is otherwise called .
combustion
Carbon reacts with steam to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This mixture is called .
water gas
With sulphur, carbon forms its ______ at high temperature
disulphide
At elevated temperatures, carbon reacts with some metals like iron, tungsten, titanium, etc. to form their ____.
carbides
Even though carbon and its compounds are vital for modern life, some of its compounds like ______ are harmful to humans.
CO, cyanide and certain types of plastics
carbon compounds are made from long chain organic compounds called ‘
polymer resins
_______ represents the type of polymer used to make the plastic
The resin code
The resin codes of plastics were designed in ______ and are a uniform way of classifying the different types of plastic which help recyclers in the sorting process.
1988
The resin codes are numbered from ______. Resin codes #1 to #6 each identify a certain type of plastic that is often used in products. Resin code #7 is a category which is used for every other plastic (since 1988) that does not fit into the categories #1 to #6.
1 to 7
PS (resin code #6 also commonly called
Thermocol
Burning PVC releases _______ (one of the most toxic chemicals known to humans
dioxins
Styrene is a building block of this plastic and may cause ____.
cancer
PC plastic contains
Bisphenol A (BPA)
_____ increases or decreases certain hormones and changes the way our bodies work.
Bisphenol A
PC-
BPA
Polycarbonate
Bisphenol A
ABS -
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
__&&&& usually abbreviated as PET or PETE
Polyethylene terephthalate
HDPE stands for
High Density Polyethylene.
LDPE
Low Density Polyethylene
(PP)
Polypropylene
the Government of India is progressively taking various legal initiatives to stop plastic pollution by making some provision and ammendment in _____
Environment (Protection) Act, 1988
