Carbohydrates Unit 1.1 Flashcards
What is a Monomer?
- Small soluble Molecule
- Can join to other similar monomers to form a Polymer
What is a Polymer?
- Large insoluble Molecule
- Made up of many similar Repeating Monomers
Name 3 examples of a Monomer?
- Monosaccharide
- Amino Acid
- Nucleotide
What polymer do monosaccharides form?
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides (Carbohydrates)
What Polymer do Amino acids join together to form?
-Polypeptides (protiens)
What Polymer do Nucleotides form?
Polynucleotides (DNA/RNA)
What reaction breaks the chemical bond between two molecules?
Hydrolysis
What occurs in a condensation reaction?
- Joins two Monomers together with a chemical bond
- A water molecule is released
What occurs in a Hydrolysis reaction?
- Breaks the chemical bond between two monomers
- A water molecule is added
What is the structure of Alpha Glucose?
-Two Hs at the top of the structure
-Two OHs at the bottom of the structure
(methyl group and
oxygen atom on top)
What is the structure of Beta glucose?
- Two Hs on opposite sides of structure
-Two OHs on opposite sides of structure
(oxygen atom and methyl group on top}
How are Disaccharides formed?
-Condensation reaction between two Monosaccharides
What Disaccharide do two alpha glucose form?
-Maltose
What Disaccharide do Alpha glucose and Fructose form?
-Sucrose
What two Monosaccharides form lactose?
-Alpha Glucose and Galactose
Where does the reaction occur in a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides?
-the OH groups on carbon 4 of one monosaccharide
-the OH group on carbon 1 of the other monosaccharide
(H2O removed leaving 1 oxygen)
What Bond is formed between two Monosaccharides in a condensation reaction and what molecule is removed?
- 1,4 glycosidic bond
- H20 molecule
How are Polysaccharides formed?
The condensation of monosaccharide units (glucose monomers)
How is glycogen and starch formed?
-The condensation of alpha-glucose
What is formed through the condensation of two beta-glucose monomers?
-Cellulose
What is different about the condensation of beta-glucose to alpha-glucose?
-Every other glucose molecule is inverted so OH groups from carbon 1 and 4 are adjacent and can join together
What is the storage molecule in plants?
-Starch
What makes Starch a good storage molecule in plants?
Insoluble -Does not affect osmosis Coiled into a helix -more compact Branched -large surface area for rapid hydrolysis to form alpha glucose Large -does not diffuse across cell membrane and out of cells
What makes Starch a good storage molecule in plants?
Insoluble -Does not affect osmosis Coiled into a helix -more compact Branched -large surface area for rapid hydrolysis to from alpha glucose Large -does not diffuse across cell membrane and out of cells
What is the storage molecule in animals?
-Glycogen
What makes glycogen a good storage molecule in animals
Insoluble
-does not affect water potential
Large
-does not diffuse of of cell
Shorter chains, more highly branched and larger surface area than starch
-can be easily hydrolysed into glucose (used in ATP production)
What is the structural polysaccharide in plants
-Cellulose
How does the structure of cellulose relate to its function?
- long, straight, unbranched chains of beta-glucose
- Chains linked together by many hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils
- provides strength to cell wall
- hydrogen bonds make cellulose strong
what is the Benedict’s test for reducing sugar?
- Add Benedict’s reagent
- Heat at 95*C
- Blue to Brick red colour change
What is the Benedict’s test for non-reducing sugar
- Add hydrochloric acid and heat
- Neutralise acid with sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Add benedict’s reagent
- Heat at 95*C
- Blue to brick red colour change
What is the test for starch
- Add iodine in potassium iodide
- Yellow/brown to blue-black colour change
