Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
Energy Source
What are the functions of lipids in the body?
Energy source
Membrane components
Hormonal signalling
Name 2 trioses important in glycolysis (that Nick wants us to know).
dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Name 2 pentoses.
Ribose, Deoxyribose
Name 3 hexoses.
Glucose, Galactose, Fructose. (Cyclic monosaccharides)
Name 3 disaccharides and their constituent monosaccharide parts.
Sucrose - Glucose + Fructose
Lactose - Glucose + Galactose
Maltose - Glucose + Glucose
Name 4 important polysaccharides
Starch - plant source 75% Amylopectin 25% Amylose
Cellulose - plant source, indigestible
Glycogen - animal source
Dextrin - breakdown product of glycogen and starch
What are the energy contents of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and alcohol?
(In kcal/g) Carbs: 4 Lipids: 9 Protein: 4 Alcohol: 7
Define a fatty acid
Hydrocarbon chains (long >12C, v.long >22C) Can be saturated or unsaturated (C=C) Can be cis or trans (isomerism)
What are the components of a triglyceride?
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
What is a phospholipid?
PO₄ group attached to one or more fatty acid chains via glycerol or sphingosine
(Phospholipid Membranes)
What is a glycolipid?
Carbohydrate element attached to one or more fatty acid chains directly or via glycerol or sphingosine.
(Cell surface receptors)
What are ketone bodies?
Small (4-carbon), water-soluble fatty acids formed by the liver during fasting (energy substrates for the brain).
Excessive production of ketones can lead to what complication in diabetic patients?
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Name 3 ketone bodies
Acetoacetic acid, β-hydroxybutyric acid
and the breakdown product acetone
