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Food Tech > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of carbohydrate

A

The major source of energy in the body

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2
Q

Are carbohydrates macronutrients?

A

Yes

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3
Q

What elements are carbohydrates formed from?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of carbohydrate?

A
  • simple carbohydrates (sugar)

* complex carbohydrates

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5
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates in the diet? (4 things)

A
  • provide body with energy for physical activity
  • provide the body with energy to maintain bodily functions
  • provide dietary fibre/ non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) to help digestion
  • sugars sweeten and flavour foods
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6
Q

What does NSP stand for?

A

Non-starch polysaccharide

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7
Q

What are sugars?

A
  • simple units that all carbohydrates are made from
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8
Q

What are the 2 types of simple sugars?

A
  • monosaccharides

* disaccharides

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9
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars

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10
Q

The simpler the carbohydrate, the more _____ it can be absorbed in the body and the ______ energy can be provided

A
  • quickly

* faster

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11
Q

Name 3 monosaccharides

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
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12
Q

Where is glucose found and what is it often used for?

A
  • found in some fruits and veg

* often used by athletes in tablet or powder form to provide a fast energy boost

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13
Q

Where is fructose found and what is it used for?

A
  • found in the juices of some fruits and plants, but mainly honey
  • it is the sweetest of all sugars so manufactures can use a low amount but still provide the same level of sweetness as sucrose
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14
Q

How is galactose formed?

A
  • during digestion of lactose (milk sugar)
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15
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Double sugars that are made up of 2 monosaccharides

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16
Q

Name 3 disaccharides

A
  • lactose
  • maltose
  • sucrose
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17
Q

Where is lactose found?

A

Found in milk

  • some people think it gives milk a slightly sweet taste
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18
Q

How is maltose formed?

A
  • formed from fermentation of cereal grains
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19
Q

Sucrose is the most common disaccharide, what is it also know as?

A

Sugar

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20
Q

What are the benefits of sucrose?

A

Provides body with energy, but has no other benefits in the diet. It contains no other nutrients

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21
Q

Where is sucrose found?

A
  • sugar cane
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22
Q

What forms can you buy sucrose (sugar) in, give a few examples

A
  • granulated sugar
  • brown sugar
  • caster sugar
  • icing sugar
  • sugar syrup
  • treacle
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23
Q

What are the 2 forms of sugar?

A
  • non-free sugar

* free sugar

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24
Q

What are non-free sugars?

A

Found naturally in the cells of fruits and vegetables, they are part of the cells

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25
Q

What are free sugars?

A

Sugar that you can see, such as cane sugar and those added to cakes, biscuits e.t.c

26
Q

What are the most common problems relating to sucrose? (3)

A
  • obesity
  • tooth decay
  • type 2 diabetes
27
Q

Why are non-free sugars less harmful?

A

Easier for the body to absorb and less likely to lead to tooth decay

28
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Complex carbohydrates formed from hundreds of glucose molecules strung together. They provide the body with energy

  • either starch or fibre
29
Q

Does starch take longer for the body to digest than sugar? What benefits does this have?

A
  • starches take longer than sugars for the body to digest

* so this provides a feeling of fullness for longer, helping to avoid overeating and obesity

30
Q

Where do all starches come from?

A

Plant sources

31
Q

How much should starchy foods make up our daily food?

A

Starchy foods should be 1/3 (one third) of our daily food

32
Q

What are the functions of starch in the diet? (4 things)

A
  • starch is broken down slowly into simple sugars by the digestive system to provide energy
  • adds bulk to our diet
  • gives a feeling of fullness (satiety)
  • excess is converted to fat
33
Q

What is starch broken down to in the digestive system

A

Simple sugars

34
Q

What does the body do with excess starch?

A

Convert it into fat

35
Q

Name some sources of starch …

A

Bread, rice, cereals, pasta and some fruit and veg

36
Q

What happens if their is a deficiency of carbohydrates?

A

The body needs to have a constant supply of energy. If it does not have enough from carbohydrate foods it will use protein foods for energy.

37
Q

Is deficiency of carbohydrates common in the UK?

A

No it is rare

38
Q

What happens of we eat too much carbohydrates?

A

It is stored as fat

39
Q

What health problems could too much carbohydrate lead to?

A
  • cancer
  • cardiovascular disease (CSV)
  • coronary heart disease (CHD)
  • diabetes
  • dental problems
40
Q

What is fibre/NSP and where is it found?

A

It is the non-digestible cellulose found in plant foods

41
Q

NSP ____ be digested so it passes straight through the _______ ______, absorbing _____ and providing _____

A
  • can’t
  • digestive system
  • moisture
  • bulk
42
Q

Dietary fibre definition

A

Material from plants, which is not digested by humans but which absorbs water and binds other residues in the intestine, thus aiding excretion of waste material from the body

43
Q

What does dietary fibre do?

A

Helps to ‘push’ other food through the system and helps to ‘clean’ the walls of the intestine of bacteria.

44
Q

Dietary fibre helps the efficient removal of _____ products from the body and it is vital to _____

A
  • waste

* health

45
Q

What is the recommended intake per day of fibre for 17 years and over (adults basically)?

A

30g/day

46
Q

What are functions of dietary fibre?

A
  • holds water and keeps the faeces soft and bulky
  • helps prevent various bowel disorders, including: constipation, bowel cancer, diverticular disease, appendicitis ans haemorrhoids (piles)
  • help people control their body weight because high fibre foods are filling
  • high fibre diets are linked to lower blood cholesterol whilst reducing the risk of diabetes
47
Q

Name some bowel disorders that dietary fibre helps to prevent

A
  • constipation
  • bowel cancer
  • diverticular disease
  • appendicitis
  • haemorrhoids (piles)
48
Q

Are high-fibre foods filling?

A

Yes

49
Q

What health benefits do high-fibre diets have?

A
  • lower blood cholesterol

* reduced risk of diabetes

50
Q

What problems can happen with deficiency of fibre?

A
  • constipation

* diverticular disease - where the lining of the intestine becomes distorted and inflamed

51
Q

What happens in diverticular disease?

A
  • lining of the intestine becomes distorted and inflamed
52
Q

What are the 2 types of dietary fibre?

A
  • insoluble

* soluble

53
Q

What does insoluble fibre do?

A

It absorbs water and increases bulk, making the faeces very soft and bulky and easy to pass through the digestive system

54
Q

Name some good sources of insoluble fibre?

A
  • wholemeal flour
  • wholegrain breakfast cereals and pasta
  • brown rice
  • some fruits and veg
55
Q

What does soluble fibre do?

A

It slows down the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates and therefore helps to control blood sugar levels, which helps stop us feeling hungry

56
Q

What health benefits may come with soluble fibre?

A
  • reduced blood cholesterol

* reduced risk of heart disease

57
Q

Name some good sources of soluble fibre

A
  • oats
  • peas, beans, lentils
  • most types of fruit and veg
  • vegetables and fruits provide more fibre if eaten with their skins on e.g potato and apple
58
Q

Insoluble fibre definition

A

Absorbs water and increases bulk

59
Q

Soluble fibre definition

A

Slows down digestion and absorption of carbohydrates

60
Q

When we consume carbohydrates, our bodies convert the starch and sugar into what?

A

Glucose

61
Q

How much energy in percentage is recommended to come from carbohydrates?

A

50%

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