Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are monomers?

A

Individual molecules from which polymers are made

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2
Q

What are polymers?

A

Chains of repeating monomer units

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3
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Monomers which have a sweet taste and are soluble substances eg glucose

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4
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Polymers or two monosaccharides joined eg glucose + glucose= maltose

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5
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Many monosaccharides joined together in a condensation reaction which are good for storage eg starch

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6
Q

How are monosaccharides joined?

A

Condensation reaction

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7
Q

What bond forms between monosaccharides?

A

Glycocydic bond

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8
Q

How can disaccharides and polysaccharides break to form monosaccharides?

A

Hydrolysis reaction

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9
Q

What is removed in a condensation reaction?

A

Water

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10
Q

What is added when glycosidic bonds are broken?

A

Water

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11
Q

What monosaccharides is maltose made of?

A

Glucose and glucose

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12
Q

What monosaccharides are sucrose made of?

A

Glucose and fructose

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13
Q

What monosaccharides are lactose made of?

A

Glucose and galactose

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14
Q

What are reducing sugars?

A

All monosaccharides and some disaccharides

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15
Q

What do reducing sugars do?

A

Can donate electrons to other chemicals

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16
Q

What are non-reducing sugars?

A

All polysaccharides and rest of the disaccharides

17
Q

What can’t non-reducing sugars do?

A

Donate electrons

18
Q

What’s the test for a reducing sugar?

A

Add benedicts solution and heat

Turns red/orange/yellow/green

19
Q

What’s the test for a non-reducing sugar?

A

Add Benedicts and heat then add hydraulic acid, add sodium hydrogen carbonate to neutralise hydrochloric acid and then do test for a reducing sugar

20
Q

What’s the test for starch?

A

Add iodine solution turns blue/black

21
Q

What is starch made of?

A

Alpha glucose

22
Q

What is the structure of starch?

A

Branched/coiled alpha helix to makes molecule compact

23
Q

Why is starch insoluble?

A

To stop osmosis so doesn’t affect water potential

24
Q

Why is starch long?

A

So can’t cross cell membrane

25
Q

Why is starch a polymer of alpha glucose?

A

To provide glucose for respiration

26
Q

Why is starch branched?

A

So glucose is easily released in respiration

27
Q

What is cellulose made of?

A

Beta glucose Chains

28
Q

What does cellulose do for the cell

A

Give it strength

29
Q

What is the structure of cellulose?

A

Long unbranched, several chat ins side by side,

30
Q

What hold cellulose chains together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

31
Q

What glycosidic bonds form between cellulose?

A

1,4

32
Q

What is glycogen made from?

A

Alpha glucose chains

33
Q

Why is glycogen short and branched?

A

So they can be hydrolysed into monomers easily

34
Q

Why does glycogen have a spiral shape?

A

Means it’s compact and can fit in small spaces

35
Q

Is glycogen coiled or straight?

A

Coiled

36
Q

What glycosidic bonds form between glycogen?

A

1,4 and 1,6

37
Q

How can you use a calibration curve to find sugar concentration?

A
  • Make different known sugar concentrations
  • use a colorimeter to measure absorbance of each concentration and plot a calibration curve on the graph
  • fins concentrations of sample from calibration curve