Carbohydrates

Question 1

What is the primary function of carbohydrates

Answer 1

Provide the body with energy (ATP)

Question 2

Most of the carbohydrates you eat are digested and broken down into …

Answer 2

Glucose

Question 3

Excess glucose can be stored for later use as

Answer 3

Glycogen. (animals)

Question 4

Why can indigestible carbohydrates be good for our health?

Answer 4

Create soft, bulky stool that easily moves through the large intestine. Helps delay the absorption of other carbs in your digestive tract, thereby preventing blood glucose spikes.

Question 5

Carbohydrates are made up of smaller units called

Answer 5

Monosccharides.

Question 6

Monosaccharides consist of

Answer 6

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

In general, they have one carbonyl group C=O and the remaining carbons each bear 1 hydroxyl group -OH.

Carbonyl can vary in location (aldose connected to H, usually on the end and ketones connected to something other than H. Usually in the middle.)

Question 7

How to name monosaccharides based on the number of carbons

Answer 7

3- triose
4- tetrose
5- pentose
6- hexose

Question 8

Glyceraldehyde is a

Answer 8

Triose

Question 9

Ribose is a

Answer 9

Pentose

Question 10

Glucose is a

Answer 10

Hexose

Question 11

Oligosaccharides

Answer 11

A carbohydrate whose molecules are composed of a relatively small number of monosaccharide units. (3-12 monosaccharides)

Question 12

In order to form disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, monosaccharides under go ____ reactions

Answer 12

Condensation reactions. Specifically, dehydration reactions. The joining of two molecules with the loss of water.

Question 13

Glycosidic bonds

Answer 13

Bond formed between a hydroxyl group of one molecule and the anomeric carbon of another.

Question 14

Anomeric carbon

Answer 14

CHOH. This carbon derived from the carbonyl carbon (ketone or aldehyde)

Question 15

Carbohydrates tend to form ring structures in which kind of solution

Answer 15

Aqueous due to acid and bases in the water. In water, the ring can open and form spontaneously. Alpha or beta products can be produced.

Question 16

3 disaccharides

Answer 16

Maltose= glucose + glucose 
Sucrose= glucose + fructose 
Lactose= galactose + glucose

Question 17

Difference between glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycan

Answer 17

Glycoproteins are majorly composed of proteins.

Glycosaminoglycans are majorly composed of sugars.

Question 18

What type of bond is a glycosidic bond

Answer 18

Covalent

Question 19

Examples of oligosaccharides

Answer 19

Immunoglobin, mucin

Question 20

Where are oligosaccharides primarily located

Answer 20

On the surface of cells or in the extracellular matrix

Question 21

Oligosaccharides vs polysaccharides

Answer 21

Oligosaccharides consist of 3-12 monosaccharides and polysaccharides consist of 12 or more

Question 22

Characteristics of glycogen

Answer 22

Composed of alpha glucose monomers with extensive branching. Storage form of glucose in animals. Located mainly in liver and muscle.

Question 23

Starch

Answer 23

Composed of alpha glucose monomers with branching (amylopectin) or without branching/linear (amylose). This is the storage form of glucose in plants.

Question 24

Cellulose

Answer 24

Composed of beta-glucose monomers with no branching. Humans are unable to digest cellulose due to lack of enzymes that are able to break down beta-glucose linkages. Instead, this contributes to the formation of dietary fiber.

Question 25

Other names for glycosaminoglycans

Answer 25

GAGs, mucopolysaccharides

Question 26

What are glycosaminoglycans composed of

Answer 26

Repeating disaccharide units - amino sugar and ironic acid OR galactose without branching.

Question 27

5 GAGs

Answer 27

Chondroitin sulfate - most abundant GAG
Keratin sulfate
Dermatan sulfate
Heparan sulfate
Hyaluronate (only GAG that is not sulfated)

Question 28

Characteristics of GAGs

Answer 28

Highly negatively charged. Attracts water. Functions as a high lubricant or shock absorber due to its high viscosity and low compressibility.

Question 29

Role in the body

Answer 29

Primarily located on the surface of cells or in the ECM. Fills the space of the ECM in the form of hydrated gel.

Question 30

Most GAGs, with the exception of hyaluronate, are linked to a core protein, forming ___

Answer 30

A proteoglycan. GAGs extend perpendicular from the core protein in a bottle brush-like structure. Examples- aggrdcan, lumina, keratocan, mimican, decor

Question 31

What GAG cannot bind to protein to form a proteoglycan?

Answer 31

Hyaluronate

Question 32

Difference between alpha and beta linkage

Answer 32

Beta is up in the air (birds in the sky) and alpha is pointed down (fish in the sea.. bc alpha looks like a fish)