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Topnotch Biochemistry (Sept 2017) > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Glucose transporter found in the brain

A

GLUT 1 and GLUT 3

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2
Q

Glucose transporter found in RBCs

A

GLUT 1

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3
Q

Glucose transporter with dual function (uptake and release)

A

GLUT 2

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4
Q

Glucose transporter found in heart and skeletal muscle

A

GLUT 4

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5
Q

Glucose transporter found in SI and aids in absorption of fructose

A

GLUT 5

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6
Q

Major pathway for glucose metab that converts glucose into 3 carbon compounds to provide energy

A

Glycolysis

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7
Q

Major pathway for formation of ATP

A

Citric acid cycle | TCA | Kreb’s Cycle

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8
Q

Process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors in order to prevent hypoglycemia

A

Gluconeogenesis

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9
Q

Pathway that produces ribose-5-phosphate required for biosynthesis of nucleotides

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway | HMP shunt

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10
Q

Pathways (3) that occur both in Cytosol and Mitochondria

A

Heme Synthesis
Urea cycle
Gluconeogenesis

(HUG takes TWO)

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11
Q

Pathways (5) that occur in Mitochondria only

A 
Ketogenesis
Oxidative phosphorylation
B-oxidation
Acetyl CoA production
TCA cycle
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12
Q

Pathways (2) that occur in Cytosol only

A

Glycolysis

HMP shunt

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13
Q

End products of glycolysis.

A

2 molecules of either pyruvate or lactate

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14
Q

Rate limiting step and enzyme of glycolysis

A

Fructose 6-phosphate → Fructose 1,6-biphosphate

Phosphofructokinase-1

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15
Q

Inhibited by Glucose-6-P

A

Hexokinase

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16
Q

Inhibited by Fructose-6-P

A

Glucokinase

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17
Q

Picture of Hexokinase:

___ Km ; ____ Vmax ; _____ Affinity

A

Low Km ; Low Vmax

High Affinity

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18
Q

Picture of Glucokinase:

___ Km ; ____ Vmax ; _____ Affinity

A

High Km ; High Vmax

Low Affinity

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19
Q

Net ATP from Glycolysis using Malate aspartate shuttle

A

7 ATPs

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20
Q

Net ATP from Glycolysis using Glycerophosphate Shuttle

A

5 ATPs

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21
Q

(3) Irreversible steps of Glycolysis

A

Step 1. Glucose phosphorylation
Step 3. Fructose-6-Phosphate phosphorylation
Step 10. Pyruvate formation

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22
Q

Most important activator of PFK 1

A

Fructose 2,6 biphosphate

A product of PFK 2, feed forward regulation

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23
Q

Conversion of Pyruvate to Lactate during Anaerobic glycolysis uses what enzyme?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

24
Q

Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA in Kreb’s cycle uses what enzyme?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

25
Q

Conversion of Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate in Gluconeogenesis uses what enzyme?

A

Pyruvate Carboxylase

Addition of Carbon

26
Q

Most common cause of congenital lactic acidosis

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency

27
Q

Most common enzyme defect in glycolysis

A

Pyruvate kinase deficiency

28
Q

Products of Citric Acid cycle

A

1 FADH2
1 GTP
2 CO2
3 NADH

29
Q

Rate limiting step and enzyme in Citric Acid Cycle

A

Isocitrate → a-ketoglutarate

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

30
Q

Process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors in order to prevent hypoglycemia

A

Gluconeogenesis

31
Q

Substrate(s) of Gluconeogenesis

A

Intermediates of glycolysis and TCA except Acetyl CoA
Glycerol and Propionyl CoA
Lactate
Glucogenic Amino acids

32
Q

Rate limiting step and enzyme of Gluconeogenesis?

A

Fructose 1,6 biphosphate → Fructose 6-phosphate

Fructose 1,6 biphosphatase (vs. glycolysis: Phosphofructokinase-1)

33
Q

An inhibitor of Fructose 1,6 biphosphatase

A

Fructose 2,6 biphosphatase

34
Q

Energy required in gluconeogenesis:

____ ATP ____ GTP ____ NADH ____ FADH

A

4 ATP
2 GTP
2 NADH
0 FADH

35
Q

Primary glycosidic bond is at

A

alpha ( 1→4)

36
Q

Branched points occur at

A

alpha ( 1 → 6 )

37
Q

Rate limiting step and enzyme of glycogenolysis

A

Shortening of glycogen chains

Glycogen phosphorylase and debranching enzyme

38
Q

Rate limiting step and enzyme of glycogenesis

A

Elongation of glycogen chains

Glycogen synthase
Branching enzyme

39
Q

Glycogen storage disease that presents with ↑ glycogen in lysosomes due to deficient ______ enzyme

A

Pompe disease

Lysosomal acid maltase

40
Q

Glycogen storage disease that presents with ↑ glycogen in liver and renal tubule due to deficient ______ enzyme

A

Von Gierke disease

Glucose-6-phosphatase

41
Q

Glycogen storage disease that presents with ↑ limit dextrin, hepatomegaly and hypoglycemia due to deficient ______ enzyme

A

Cori disease

Debranching enzyme

42
Q

Glycogen storage disease that presents with ↑ polysaccharide with few branch points due to deficient ______ enzyme

A

Andersen disease

Branching enzyme

43
Q

Glycogen storage disease that presents with ↑ muscle glycogen due to deficient ______ enzyme

A

McArdle syndrome

Muscle phosphorylase

44
Q

Glycogen storage disease that presents with mild hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly due to deficient ______ enzyme

A

Hers disease

Liver phosphorylase

45
Q

(4) Hexoses

A

Glucose
Galactose
Mannose
Fructose

46
Q

(3) Pentoses

A

Ribose
Ribulose
Xylulose

47
Q

(3) Disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

48
Q

Galactose metab disease that presents with galactosemia, diarrhea, vomiting, mental retardation, and premature ovarian failure due to deficient ______ enzyme

A

Classic galactosemia

Galactose 1 phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency (GALT)

49
Q

Enzyme used in conversion of Glucose to sorbitol

A

Aldolase reductase

50
Q

What pathway is affected in Essential pentosuria?

A

Uronic Acid Pathway

51
Q

What enzyme is deficient in Essential pentosuria?

A

Xylulose Reductase deficiency

52
Q

Substrate of pentose phosphate pathway

A

GLucose 6 phosphate

53
Q

Rate limiting enzyme in HMP shunt?

A

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

54
Q

(2) products of PPP?

A

NADPH

Ribose-5-phosphate

55
Q

What phase in HMP shunt is NADPH produced?

A

First Phase.

Oxidative and irreversible

56
Q

(3) amino acids that composed Glutathione

A

Glycine
Cysteine
Glutamate

Topnotch Biochemistry (Sept 2017) (9 decks)

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