Carbohydrates

Question 1

Glucose transporter found in the brain

Answer 1

GLUT 1 and GLUT 3

Question 2

Glucose transporter found in RBCs

Answer 2

GLUT 1

Question 3

Glucose transporter with dual function (uptake and release)

Answer 3

GLUT 2

Question 4

Glucose transporter found in heart and skeletal muscle

Answer 4

GLUT 4

Question 5

Glucose transporter found in SI and aids in absorption of fructose

Answer 5

GLUT 5

Question 6

Major pathway for glucose metab that converts glucose into 3 carbon compounds to provide energy

Answer 6

Glycolysis

Question 7

Major pathway for formation of ATP

Answer 7

Citric acid cycle | TCA | Kreb’s Cycle

Question 8

Process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors in order to prevent hypoglycemia

Answer 8

Gluconeogenesis

Question 9

Pathway that produces ribose-5-phosphate required for biosynthesis of nucleotides

Answer 9

Pentose Phosphate Pathway | HMP shunt

Question 10

Pathways (3) that occur both in Cytosol and Mitochondria

Answer 10

Heme Synthesis
Urea cycle
Gluconeogenesis

(HUG takes TWO)

Question 11

Pathways (5) that occur in Mitochondria only

Answer 11

Ketogenesis
Oxidative phosphorylation
B-oxidation
Acetyl CoA production
TCA cycle

Question 12

Pathways (2) that occur in Cytosol only

Answer 12

Glycolysis

HMP shunt

Question 13

End products of glycolysis.

Answer 13

2 molecules of either pyruvate or lactate

Question 14

Rate limiting step and enzyme of glycolysis

Answer 14

Fructose 6-phosphate → Fructose 1,6-biphosphate

Phosphofructokinase-1

Question 15

Inhibited by Glucose-6-P

Answer 15

Hexokinase

Question 16

Inhibited by Fructose-6-P

Answer 16

Glucokinase

Question 17

Picture of Hexokinase:

___ Km ; ____ Vmax ; _____ Affinity

Answer 17

Low Km ; Low Vmax

High Affinity

Question 18

Picture of Glucokinase:

___ Km ; ____ Vmax ; _____ Affinity

Answer 18

High Km ; High Vmax

Low Affinity

Question 19

Net ATP from Glycolysis using Malate aspartate shuttle

Answer 19

7 ATPs

Question 20

Net ATP from Glycolysis using Glycerophosphate Shuttle

Answer 20

5 ATPs

Question 21

(3) Irreversible steps of Glycolysis

Answer 21

Step 1. Glucose phosphorylation
Step 3. Fructose-6-Phosphate phosphorylation
Step 10. Pyruvate formation

Question 22

Most important activator of PFK 1

Answer 22

Fructose 2,6 biphosphate

A product of PFK 2, feed forward regulation

Question 23

Conversion of Pyruvate to Lactate during Anaerobic glycolysis uses what enzyme?

Answer 23

Lactate dehydrogenase

Question 24

Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA in Kreb’s cycle uses what enzyme?

Answer 24

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 25

Conversion of Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate in Gluconeogenesis uses what enzyme?

Answer 25

Pyruvate Carboxylase | Addition of Carbon

Question 26

Most common cause of congenital lactic acidosis

Answer 26

Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency

Question 27

Most common enzyme defect in glycolysis

Answer 27

Pyruvate kinase deficiency

Question 28

Products of Citric Acid cycle

Answer 28

1 FADH2 1 GTP 2 CO2 3 NADH

Question 29

Rate limiting step and enzyme in Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 29

Isocitrate → a-ketoglutarate Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Question 30

Process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors in order to prevent hypoglycemia

Answer 30

Gluconeogenesis

Question 31

Substrate(s) of Gluconeogenesis

Answer 31

Intermediates of glycolysis and TCA except Acetyl CoA Glycerol and Propionyl CoA Lactate Glucogenic Amino acids

Question 32

Rate limiting step and enzyme of Gluconeogenesis?

Answer 32

Fructose 1,6 biphosphate → Fructose 6-phosphate Fructose 1,6 biphosphatase (vs. glycolysis: Phosphofructokinase-1)

Question 33

An inhibitor of Fructose 1,6 biphosphatase

Answer 33

Fructose 2,6 biphosphatase

Question 34

Energy required in gluconeogenesis: | ____ ATP ____ GTP ____ NADH ____ FADH

Answer 34

4 ATP 2 GTP 2 NADH 0 FADH

Question 35

Primary glycosidic bond is at

Answer 35

alpha ( 1→4)

Question 36

Branched points occur at

Answer 36

alpha ( 1 → 6 )

Question 37

Rate limiting step and enzyme of glycogenolysis

Answer 37

Shortening of glycogen chains Glycogen phosphorylase and debranching enzyme

Question 38

Rate limiting step and enzyme of glycogenesis

Answer 38

Elongation of glycogen chains Glycogen synthase Branching enzyme

Question 39

Glycogen storage disease that presents with ↑ glycogen in lysosomes due to deficient ______ enzyme

Answer 39

Pompe disease | Lysosomal acid maltase

Question 40

Glycogen storage disease that presents with ↑ glycogen in liver and renal tubule due to deficient ______ enzyme

Answer 40

Von Gierke disease | Glucose-6-phosphatase

Question 41

Glycogen storage disease that presents with ↑ limit dextrin, hepatomegaly and hypoglycemia due to deficient ______ enzyme

Answer 41

Cori disease | Debranching enzyme

Question 42

Glycogen storage disease that presents with ↑ polysaccharide with few branch points due to deficient ______ enzyme

Answer 42

Andersen disease | Branching enzyme

Question 43

Glycogen storage disease that presents with ↑ muscle glycogen due to deficient ______ enzyme

Answer 43

McArdle syndrome | Muscle phosphorylase

Question 44

Glycogen storage disease that presents with mild hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly due to deficient ______ enzyme

Answer 44

Hers disease | Liver phosphorylase

Question 45

(4) Hexoses

Answer 45

Glucose Galactose Mannose Fructose

Question 46

(3) Pentoses

Answer 46

Ribose Ribulose Xylulose

Question 47

(3) Disaccharides

Answer 47

Sucrose Lactose Maltose

Question 48

Galactose metab disease that presents with galactosemia, diarrhea, vomiting, mental retardation, and premature ovarian failure due to deficient ______ enzyme

Answer 48

Classic galactosemia | Galactose 1 phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency (GALT)

Question 49

Enzyme used in conversion of Glucose to sorbitol

Answer 49

Aldolase reductase

Question 50

What pathway is affected in Essential pentosuria?

Answer 50

Uronic Acid Pathway

Question 51

What enzyme is deficient in Essential pentosuria?

Answer 51

Xylulose Reductase deficiency

Question 52

Substrate of pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 52

GLucose 6 phosphate

Question 53

Rate limiting enzyme in HMP shunt?

Answer 53

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 54

(2) products of PPP?

Answer 54

NADPH | Ribose-5-phosphate

Question 55

What phase in HMP shunt is NADPH produced?

Answer 55

First Phase. | Oxidative and irreversible

Question 56

(3) amino acids that composed Glutathione

Answer 56

Glycine Cysteine Glutamate