carbohydrates Flashcards
what is a monomer
a small molecule which binds to many other identical molecules to form a polymer
what is a polymer
a large molecule made from many smaller molecules called monomers
properties of water
-provides habitats for organisms
-provides a reaction medium for chemical reactions
-works as an effective transport medium
-ice is less dense than water so creates a stable environment in winter
-good solvent so molecules and ions can react together in water
-cohesion and tension so insects can walk on water
-high specific heat capacity
-high latent heat of vaporisation
how do u make maltose
alpha glucose + alpha glucose
how do u make sucrose
alpha glucose + fructose
properties of starch-amylose (in plants)
-long chain of alpha glucose molecules
-has glycosidic bond between carbon 1 and 4
-coils into spiral shape
-hydrogen bonds hold spiral in place
properties of amylopectin
-glycosidic bonds between carbon 1 and 4
-has branches formed by glycosidic bonds between carbons 1 and 6
-spiral shape held together by hydrogen bonds
properties of glycogen
-glycosidic bonds between carbon 1 and 4
- branches formed by glycosidic bonds between carbon 1 and 6
-linear chain and compact
where is the hydroxyl group in an alpha glucose
below/ on the bottom
where is the hydroxyl group in an beta glucose
above/on the top
properties of cellulose
-beta glucose molecules
-every other beta glucose in the chain is flipped 180’ to allow bonding
-straight chain
-chains held by hydrogen bonding
what polymer does glucose make
-starch
-cellulose
-glycogen
what monomers does carbohydrates make
glucose and ribose
what kind of sugar is ribose
a pentose sugar
how do disaccharides form
-made of two monosaccharides
-joined via glycosidic bond
-formed via a condensation reaction
what is a condensation reaction
joining two molecules together by removing a water molecule
what is a hydrolysis reaction
splitting apart molecules through the addition of a water molecule
where is starch found
in plants
what is starch used for
a store of glucose in plants
where is cellulose found
in plants
what is starch used for
structural strength
where is glycogen found
in animals
what is glycogen used for
store of glucose
what monomers are in starch
alpha glucose
what is the bond between monomers in starch
1-4 glycosidic bonds in amylose
1-4 and 1-6 in amylopectin
how does the structure of starch (amylopectin and amylose) lead to function
-helix can compact to fit a lot of glucose in a small space
-branched structure increases surface area for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose
-insoluble- wont affect water potential
what monomers are in cellulose
beta glucose
what are the bonds between monomers in cellulose
1-4 glycosidic bonds
what is the structure of cellulose
-polymer forms long, straight chains
-chains are held in parallel by many hydrogen bonds to form fibrils
-macrofibrils combine to form a cellulose fibre
how the structure of cellulose leads to the function
-many hydrogen bonds provide collective strength
-insoluble so won’t affect water potential
what monomers are in glycogen
alpha glucose
what are the bonds between monomers in glycogen
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
what is the structure of glycogen
a highly branched molecule
how the structure of glycogen leads to the function
-branched structure increases surface area for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose
-insoluble so won’t affect water potential
name the bond that holds alpha glucose and the fructose together
1,6- glycosidic bond
what ion is required for the hydrolysis of starch by an enzyme
Cl-
