Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

Molecules containing carbon, carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds.

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2
Q

Monomers definition

A

Monomers are small repeating units from which larger molecules called polymers are made

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3
Q

Polymer definitions

A

Polymers are molecules from large numbers, 3 or more, joined together

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4
Q

Carbohydrate monomers

A

Monosaccharides e.g. glucose, fructose and galactose

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5
Q

Carbohydrate dimers

A

Disaccharides e.g. maltose, lactose and sucrose

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6
Q

Carbohydrate polymers

A

Polysaccharides e.g. starch, cellulose and glycogen

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7
Q

Protein monomers

A

Amino acids e.g. glycine and tyrosine

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8
Q

Protein polymers

A

Polypeptides + proteins e.g. haemoglobin and enzymes

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9
Q

Nucleic acid monomers

A

Nucleotides e.g. thymine and adenine

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10
Q

Nucleic acid polymers

A

Polynucleotides e.g. DNA and RNA

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11
Q

In carbohydrates what are the bonds called?

A

Glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

In proteins what are the bonds called?

A

Peptide bonds

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13
Q

In DNA what are the bonds called?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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14
Q

What are condensation reactions?

A

Joining of two molecules with a chemical bond, involving the elimination of a water molecule.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of a condensation reaction?

A

Required to join monomers, to form dimers and polymers. For every new bond formed, a water molecule is formed.

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16
Q

What are hydrolysis reactions?

A

To break chemical bonds between two monomers involves using a water molecule

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17
Q

What is the purpose of hydrolysis reactions?

A

To break apart polymers and dimers, because only monomers are small enough to cross the cell membrane

18
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different atom arrangements

19
Q

Isomers of glucose

A

Alpha and Beta

20
Q

Alpha glucose bonding type

A

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonding

21
Q

Beta glucose bonding type

A

1-4 glycosidic bonding

22
Q

Glucose + glucose = ?

A

Maltose -> Germinating seeds

23
Q

Glucose + galactose = ?

A

Lactose -> milk sugar

24
Q

Glucose + fructose = ?

A

Sucrose -> cane sugar, transported in the phloem of plants

25
Q

Monosaccharide molecular formula

A

C6 H12 O6

26
Q

Disaccharide molecular formula

A

C12 H22 O11

27
Q

Trisaccharide molecular formula

A

C18 H32 O16

28
Q

Structure and functions of starch: (Plants)

A

-Alpha glucose -> 1-6 bonding, making it highly branched to provide more ends for enzyme action and faster and easier hydrolysis
-Alpha glucose -> Break down into glucose for respiration
-Insoluble -> Allow plants to maintain a water potential, so doesn’t affect the amount of water osmosis
-Helical structure -> Makes it compact, so many molecules can fit into a small space
-Large molecule -> Cannot pass across the cell membrane

29
Q

Purpose of starch

A

Ready and consistent source of energy over a longer period of time

30
Q

Structure and function of glycogen: (animals)

A

-Helical structure -> Makes it compact so many molecules can fit into small spaces
-Insoluble -> Doesn’t affect water osmosis as water potential doesn’t change
-Large molecules ->Doesn’t pass across the cell membrane
-Alpha glucose -> 1-6 bonding, so it’s highly branched providing more ends for faster hydrolysis used for respiratory substances

31
Q

Purpose of glycogen

A

Stored in the liver and muscle. Animals have higher metabolic demands, so adapted to have; shorter chains, highly branched 1-6 bonds and large surface area

32
Q

Structure and functions of cellulose: (plants)

A

Long straight chains of beta glucose, each molecule flips 180 degrees to create several chains of cellulose joined together by weak hydrogen bonds ( formed between the OH group), this forms microfibrils wound to form cellulose fibres. This provides strength and support to the cell wall, which can resist somatic pressure and prevent osmotic lysis.

33
Q

Similarities between cellulose and starch:

A

-Both are polysaccharides.
-Both have glycosidic bonds.
-Both contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

34
Q

Differences between cellulose and starch:

A

-Starch is alpha glucose but cellulose is beta glucose.
-Starch is helical whereas cellulose is straight chains.
-Starch is branched whereas cellulose isn’t/ it’s straight
-Cellulose forms microfibrils whereas starch doesn’t.
-Starch does 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonding whereas cellulose has 1-4 only as well as hydrogen bonds

35
Q

Starch is made from what?

A

2 polysaccharides, it has one unbranched component

36
Q

Glycogen and cellulose is made from what?

A

1 polysaccharide, (glycogen has the most bonds)

37
Q

What is starch found?

A

In the stomata of chloroplasts of plants

38
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

In liver and muscle cells of animals

39
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

In the cell walls of plants

40
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

In the cell walls of plants

41
Q

What are the common monosaccharides; glucose, galactose and fructose used for?

A

Commonly found in fruits giving them a sweet flavour. They are soluble

42
Q

Alpha glucose monomers

A

Maltose, sucrose, lactose, starch and glycogen