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Biochemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Are simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbons in chain, with carbonyl at either terminal carbon or the carbon adjacent to it

A

Monosaccharides

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3
Q

Triose which is an intermediate on fructose metabolism

A

Glyceraldehyde

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4
Q

Tetrose found in blood and cartilage tissue

A

Erythrose

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5
Q

Pentose found in cells mitochondria and the sugar in RNA

A

Ribose

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6
Q

Main source of fuel in cell

A

Glucose

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7
Q

Hexose that can enter glycolysis and produce intermediates for Cellular respiration

A

Fructose

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8
Q

Examples of Pentoses

A

Ribose
Arabinose
Xylose
Lyxose

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9
Q

Examples of Hexoses

A

Allose
Altrose
Glucose
Mannose
Gulose
Idose
Galactose
Talose

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10
Q

Naturally occuring sygars are _____.

A

D-sugars

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11
Q

Monosaccharide categorized based on
A. Functional group present
B. Total number of OH
C. Number of carbon in exoskeleton
D. Number of Oh at the right position

A

AC

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12
Q

DL configuration based on _____
Dextro-Levo- based on ____
RS based on ______

A

Structure
Optical rotation
Cahn-ingold-Prelog Priority

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13
Q

_____ if OH farthest from carbonyl group is at the right
_____ if OH farthest from carbonyl group is at the left

A

D-sugars
L- sugars

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14
Q

Of all aldohexoses, ___ and ___ are common in nature. With ____ as the most abundant.

A

Glucose, Galactose
Glucose

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15
Q

____ comes from hydrolysis of starch and cellulose, while ____ comes from hydrolysis of fruit pectins

A

Glucose
Galactose

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16
Q

Diastereoisomers that differ in configuration around one stereogenic center only

A

Epimers

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17
Q

Epimeric pair that differ at C4

A

Galactose-glucose

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18
Q

Epimeric pair that differ at C2

A

Glucose-mannose

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19
Q

The OH and C=O groups can undergo intramolecular cyclization to form _____

A

Hemiacetals

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20
Q

Intramolecular cyclization results in formation of a new stereogenic center, called _____

A

Anomeric carbon

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21
Q

Cyclic hemiacetals of sugars sre drawn using

A

Haworth projections

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22
Q

_____ with only one anomeric carbon with different configuration

A

Diastereoisomers

23
Q

Each cyclic hemiacetal can be isolated and crystallized separately, but when any one compound is placed in solution, an equilibrium mixture of all three forms is formed. This process is called _____

A

Mutarotation

24
Q

Upon mutarotation, at equilibrium, the mixture consist of ____ of the alpha anomer, ___ of the beta anomer, and ___ of the acyclic hydroxy aldehyde (open chain form)

A

37%, 63%, trace amounts

25
Q

Recall the reactions of the hemiacetal and hydroxyl groups of monosaccharides
1. Glycoside formation
2. N-glycoside formation
3. Ether formation
4. Ester formation

A
  1. Hemiacetal OH reacts, changed to OR
  2. Hemiacetal OH reacts, changed to NHR
  3. All OH changed to OR
  4. All OH changed to AcO
26
Q

Reacll the reactions of the carbonyl group of monosaccharides
1. Reduction
2. Oxidation
3. Wohl Degradation
4. Kiliani-Fischer Synthesis

A
  1. Alditol
  2. Adonic acid, Aldaric acid
  3. Exoskeleton shortens
  4. Carbon chain lengthens
27
Q

Formed when mild oxidizing agents (tollens, benedict, Fehling’s) is used in the oxidation of carbonyl group of monosaccharides.

A

Aldonic acid

28
Q

Formed when strong oxidizing agents (HNO3) is used in the oxidation of carbonyl group of monosaccharides

A

Aldaric acids

29
Q

Reaction of carbonyl group of monosaccharides that shortens the carbon chain of sugar

A

Wohl Degradation

30
Q

Carbohydrates polymers composed of 2-10 suagr units

A

Oligosaccharides

31
Q

Linkage that bonds 2 monosaccharides together is called ____

A

Glycosidic bond

32
Q

Most abundant disaccharides are ____

A

Sucrose, maltose, lactose

33
Q

Trisaccharide with most importance is

34
Q

Table sugar

35
Q

Malt sugar

36
Q

Milk sugar

37
Q

Polymers of monosaccharides linked together

A

Polysaccharide

38
Q

Identify which classification of polysaccharide:

A. Pectin, alginin acid, xantham gum
B. Starch, cellulose, inulin

A

A. Heteropolysaccharide
B. Homopolysaccharide

39
Q

Polysaccharide with only one type of monomer

A

Homopolysaccharide

40
Q

Polysaccharide consist of 2 or more type of monomer

A

Heteropolysaccharide

41
Q

Linkage of starch is ____ while that of cellulose is _____

A

Alpha-1,4; beta-1,4

42
Q

Alpha-1,4 linkage of starch is _____

43
Q

Alpha-1,6 linkage of starch is ____

A

Amylopectin

44
Q

General test for all sugar.

A

Molisch Test

45
Q

Which is the correct order of series of steps that occurs during Molisch test

A. Oxidation, condensation, dehydration
B. Dehydration, oxidation, condensation
C. Dehydration, condensation, oxidation

46
Q

Test to distinguish pentoses from hexoses

A

Bial’s test

47
Q

Chemical characterization that can distinguish ketoses from aldoses

A

Seliwanoff’s test

48
Q

____, ____, and ____ can test the presence of non-reducing sugars, which are sugars that have a free anomeric carbon that can reduce oxidizing agent

A

Tollens, Fehlings, Benedicts test

49
Q

Chemical characterization that can be used in identification since they have characteristic time of precipitation, crystal forms and melting points

A

Osazone derivatives

50
Q

Chemical characterization that can be used in identification since they have characteristic time of precipitation, crystal forms and melting points

A

Ozlsazone derivatives

51
Q

Positive sign of reactions for
1. Molisch Test
2. Bial’s test
3. Seliwanoff’s test
4. Benedict’s test
5. Osazone derivatives

A
  1. Purple interface for all sugars
  2. Bluish solution for petoses
  3. Red solution for ketoses
  4. Brick red precipitates for non-reducing sugar
  5. Yellow crystals
52
Q

Reagents for the ff. test for chemical characterization
1. Molisch Test
2. Bial’s test
3. Seliwanoff’s test
4. Benedict’s test
5. Osazone derivatives

A
  1. 1-Naphthol, ethanol, H2SO4
  2. Orcinol, HCl, FeCl3
  3. Resorcinol, HCl
  4. CuSO4, Na2CO3, sodium citrate
  5. Phenylhydrazine
53
Q

Reagents for the ff. test for chemical characterization
1. Molisch Test
2. Bial’s test
3. Seliwanoff’s test
4. Benedict’s test
5. Osazone derivatives

A
  1. 1-Naphthol, ethanol, H2SO4
  2. Orcinol, HCl, FeCl3
  3. Resorcinol, HCl
  4. CuSO4, Na2CO3, sodium citrate
  5. Phenylhydrazine

Biochemistry (12 decks)

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