Carbohydrates Flashcards
What is Alpha glucose?
An isomer of glucose that combine together to form starch, or glycogen
What is beta glucose?
Isomer of glucose that can bond together form cellulose
What is cellulose?
Polysaccharide made up a beta glucose found in plant cell beta, 1-4 glycolsidic bonds
What is a disaccharide?
Made up of two sugar units that are formed by condensation reaction. Monosaccharides are joined by glycolic bond.
What is glucose?
A single sugar, which is used in respiration
What is glycogen?
A highly branched polysaccharide made up alpha glucose found in animals, alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 glycolytic bond
What is a glycolicsidic bond?
Bond between sugar, molecules in disaccharide and polysaccharides
Hexose sugar
A sugar made up of six carbons
Hydrogen bond
Chemical bond formed between the positive charge on a hydrogen atom and the negative charge on another atom of an adjacent monologue often between negative oxygen and positive hydrogen atoms. 
Isomer
Two or more compounds with the same formula, but a different different arrangement of atoms in the molecule, and therefore different properties
Non-reducing sugar
A sugar, which cannot serve as a reducing agent, e.g. sucrose
Reducing sugar
Is sugar that serves as a reducing agent or monosaccharides are reducing sugars along with some disaccharides
Monosaccharides
Individual sugar molecules that make up disaccharide and polysaccharides e.g. glucose, fructose and lactose that are two types of sugar molecules hexose, six carbon atoms and pentose five carbon atoms 
What type of sugar is glucose?
Is a hexose sugar that can form isomers alpha glucose and beta glucose. 
Disaccharides
Formed when two monosaccharides joined through a condensation reaction, forming a glycolic bond between the OH groups, e.g. multose sucrose and lactose
What makes up maltose
Glucose+ glucose (reducing)
What makes up lactose
Glucose+ galactose (reducing)
What makes up sucrose
Glucose+ fructose (non-reducing)
Polysaccharides
Formed when more than two monosaccharides, a joint together by condensation reactions can be broken down by hydrolysis back into their monomers
Monosaccharide of glucose
Alpha glucose
Structure of glucose
Two. Polysaccharides Amylosr and amylopectin. Amylose is long and unbranched and forms coils. Amylopectin is long branch chain due to 1-6 gluycosidic bonds. 
Properties of starch
Amylose coiling makes it compact stores more in smaller. Space.
Amylopectin increased surface area for enzymes to hydro glycolic bonds, allowing glucose to be released quickly 
Uses of starch
Plants use starch as a way of storing excess glucose as it’s too large to leave cells and insoluble. Starch can be hydroysed to release glucose for respiration.
Glycogen monosaccharide
Alpha glucose
Glycogen structure
Long branched chain with lots of side, branches the glycosidic bonds are also 1-6
glycogen properties?
Lots of branches increase surface area for enzymes to hydrolyse glycolicsidic bonds, allowing glucose to be released quickly. It is also compact molecules that is good for storage. 
Uses of glycogen
Animals store excess glucose as glycogen in muscles and in the liver. Therefore making it an energy store as it could be hydrolysed to release glucose quickly we need respiration
Cellulose monosaccharide
Beta glucose
Cellulose structure
Long and branched straight chains. The glycosidic bonds are 1 – 4, the cellulose chains are then linked together by hydrogen bonds between the glucose molecules and each chain to form thicker fibres called micro fibrils
Cellulose properties
The hydrogen bonds between the cellulose chains, make the microfibrils is very strong, but still flexible and allowing them to provide support 
Cellulose uses
Cellulose is a major structural component in the cell wars of plants. It provides support and allows cells to become turgid
 what do the numbers 1–4 and 1– 6 refer to
The carbon number of the two molecules that have joined the form the bond
