Carbohydrates

Question 1

major energy sources

Answer 1

Carbohydrates

Question 2

Sugars linked by glycosidic bonds

Answer 2

Oligosaccharides

Question 2

Monosaccharide containing a ketone group
as part of its structure

Answer 2

Ketose

Question 2

• Compounds that contain a single carbonyl group and two or more hydroxyl groups
• Cannot be hydrolyzed to simpler carbohydrates
• Have the general formula Cn(H2O)n

Answer 2

Monosaccharides

Question 3

Formed when many monosaccharides are bonded together

Answer 3

Polysaccharides

Question 3

Building blocks of all carbohydrates

Answer 3

Monosaccharides

Question 3

Essential structural components of several classes of organisms

Answer 3

Polysaccharides

Question 4

Play a key role in processes that take place on the surfaces of cells, such as cell–cell interactions and immune recognition

Answer 4

Oligosaccharides

Question 4

Simplest carbohydrate that contains a chiral carbon; Exists in two isomeric forms that
are mirror images of each other

Answer 4

Glyceraldehyde

Question 4

Simplest monosaccharide that contains
three carbon atoms

Answer 4

Triose

Question 5

Monosaccharide containing an aldehyde
group as part of its structure

Answer 5

Aldose

Question 5

Molecules that differ from each other only in their configuration

Answer 5

Stereoisomers (optical isomers)

Question 6

Does not contain a chiral carbon atom; Does not exist in non-superimposable mirror-image forms

Answer 6

Dihydroxyacetone

Question 7

Three-dimensional arrangement of groups around a chiral carbon atom

Answer 7

Configuration

Question 7

Mirror-image, non-superimposable stereoisomers

Answer 7

Enantiomers

Question 7

T or F: Possibility of stereoisomerism increases as the number of carbon atoms decrease

Answer 7

False - carbon atoms increases

Question 8

Two-dimensional representations of the
stereochemistry of three-dimensional molecules

Answer 8

Fischer Projections

Question 9

—OH is on the right of the highest-numbered chiral carbon

Answer 9

D configuration

Question 10

—OH is on the left of the highest-numbered chiral carbon

Answer 10

L configuration

Question 11

Non-superimposable, non–mirror-image stereoisomers

Answer 11

Diastereomers

Question 11

Compound that is formed by the reaction of
an aldehyde with an alcohol

Answer 11

Hemiacetal

Question 12

Diastereomers that differ from each other in the configuration at only one chiral carbon

Answer 12

Epimers

Question 13

Compound that is formed by the reaction of
a ketone with an alcohol

Answer 13

Hemiketal

Question 13

Cyclic sugar with a five-membered ring; Rings are very nearly planar

Answer 13

Furanose

Question 14

carbonyl carbon becomes a chiral center is called?

Answer 14

anomeric carbon

Question 15

Cyclic form of a sugar containing a six- membered ring; Rings exist in solution in the chair conformation

Answer 15

Pyranose

Question 16

—OH on the anomeric carbon is cis to the terminal —CH2OH

Answer 16

B-

Question 17

trans designation

Answer 17

a-

Question 18

Intermediates in the breakdown of carbohydrates to provide energy

Answer 18

Phosphate esters

Question 18

Compound formed when a hemiacetal carbon reacts with an alcohol to give a full acetal

Answer 18

Glycoside

Question 19

Resulting bond in glycoside is called

Answer 19

glycosidic bond

Question 19

Glycosides involving a furanose

Answer 19

Furanosides

Question 20

Glycosides involving a pyranose

Answer 20

Pyranosides

Question 21

Sugars with a substituted amino group (—NH2) as part of its structure

Answer 21

Amino Sugars

Question 22

Common table sugar, which is obtained from the juice of sugarcane and sugar beets

Answer 22

Sucrose

Question 23

formed when glucose and fructose are bonded together

Answer 23

Disaccharide

Question 24

Made up of β-D-galactose and D-glucose

Answer 24

Lactose

Question 25

Group at the anomeric carbon of the glucose portion is not involved in the glycosidic linkage

Answer 25

Reducing sugar

Question 26

Disaccharide that is obtained from the hydrolysis of starch

Answer 26

Maltose

Question 27

this is found in milk

Answer 27

Lactose

Question 27

Polymers of sugars

Answer 27

Polysaccharides

Question 28

this is obtained from starch

Answer 28

Maltose

Question 28

Major structural component of plants, especially of wood and plant fibers

Answer 28

Cellulose

Question 29

Polymer consisting of only one type of monosaccharide

Answer 29

Homopolysaccharide

Question 29

Polymer consisting of more than one type of monosaccharide

Answer 29

Heteropolysaccharide

Question 30

Component of the vitreous humor of the eye and of the lubricating fluid of joints

Answer 30

Hyaluronic acid

Question 30

Branched chain polymer, with branches starting at α(1 → 6) linkages along the chain of α(1 → 4) linkages

Answer 30

Amylopectin

Question 30

Linear polymer of glucose, with all the residues linked together by α(1 → 4) bonds

Answer 30

Amylose

Question 30

From chicken liver; Branched-chain polymer of α-D-glucose; Consists of a chain of α(1 → 4) linkages with α(1 → 6) linkages at the branch points

Answer 30

Glycogen

Question 30

Protein situated at the heart of every glycogen

Answer 30

Glycogenin

Question 30

In cellulose, the monomer is ______

Answer 30

β-D-glucose

Question 30

Type of polysaccharide based on a repeating disaccharide

Answer 30

Glycosaminoglycans

Question 30

n chitin, the monomer is ___________

Answer 30

N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine

Question 31

Major structural component of the exoskeletons of invertebrates, such as insects and crustaceans

Answer 31

Chitin

Question 31

Major components of bacterial cell walls

Answer 31

Heteropolysaccharides

Question 32

Polysaccharide that contains peptide crosslinks; Found in bacterial cell walls

Answer 32

Peptidoglycan

Question 33

Polymer made up of D-galacturonic acid, which is a derivative of galactose in which the hydroxyl group on C-6 has been oxidized to a carboxyl group; Found in plant cell walls

Answer 33

Pectin

Question 33

Major nonpolysaccharide component in plant cell walls; Polymer of coniferyl alcohol

Answer 33

Lignin

Question 33

Components of connective tissue

Answer 33

Chondroitin sulfates and keratan sulfate

Question 34

Stereoisomers that differ in configuration only at the anomeric carbon are called

Answer 34

anomers

Question 34

A five- or six-membered cyclic hemiacetal is represented as a planar ring, lying roughly perpendicular to the plane of the paper

Answer 34

Haworth Projections

Question 34

Glycoproteins with a high carbohydrate content

Answer 34

Proteoglycans

Question 34

Play an important role in eukaryotic cell membranes

Answer 34

Glycoproteins

Question 35

a- means that the –OH on the anomeric carbon is on the side of the ring _____ from the terminal –CH2OH

Answer 35

opposite

Question 35

The prefix “deoxy” means

Answer 35

"without oxygen"

Question 35

B- means that the –OH on the anomeric carbon is on the _____ side of the ring as the terminal – CH2OH

Answer 35

same

Question 35

A six-membered hemiacetal ring is called

Answer 35

pyranose

Question 36

a five-membered hemiacetal ring is called

Answer 36

furanose

Question 36

The change in specific rotation that accompanies the equilibration of a- and b-anomers in aqueous solution

Answer 36

Mutarotation

Question 37

A cyclic acetal derived from a monosaccharide is called

Answer 37

glycoside

Question 37

The bond from the anomeric carbon to the –OR group is called

Answer 37

glycosidic bond

Question 38

The reduction product is called

Answer 38

alditol

Question 38

found in the plant world in many berries and in cherries, plums, pears, apples, seaweed, and algae

Answer 38

Sorbitol

Question 38

T or F: Alditols are named by changing the suffix -ose to -itol

Answer 38

True

Question 39

a linear polysaccharide of D-glucose units joined by b-1,4- glycosidic bonds

Answer 39

Cellulose

Question 39

act like stiff rods and align themselves side by side into well-organized water-insoluble fibers in which their –OH groups form numerous intermolecular hydrogen bonds

Answer 39

Cellulose molecules

Question 39

the oxidation product is called

Answer 39

aldonic acid

Question 40

a group of polysaccharides that contain carboxyl groups and/or sulfuric ester groups, and play important roles in the structure and function of connective tissues

Answer 40

Acidic polysaccharides

Question 41

synthesized and stored in mast cells of various tissues, particularly the liver, lungs, and gut

Answer 41

Heparin

Question 42

best known and understood of its biological functions is its anticoagulant activity

Answer 42

Heparin

Question 43

it binds strongly to antithrombin III, a plasma protein involved in terminating the clotting process

Answer 43

Heparin