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BIOCHEM > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

combination of lec and lab ppts

1
Q

major energy sources

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Sugars linked by glycosidic bonds

A

Oligosaccharides

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2
Q

Monosaccharide containing a ketone group
as part of its structure

A

Ketose

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2
Q
  • Compounds that contain a single carbonyl group and two or more hydroxyl groups
  • Cannot be hydrolyzed to simpler carbohydrates
  • Have the general formula Cn(H2O)n
A

Monosaccharides

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3
Q

Formed when many monosaccharides are bonded together

A

Polysaccharides

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3
Q

Building blocks of all carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

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3
Q

Essential structural components of several classes of organisms

A

Polysaccharides

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4
Q

Play a key role in processes that take place on the surfaces of cells, such as cell–cell interactions and immune recognition

A

Oligosaccharides

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4
Q

Simplest carbohydrate that contains a chiral carbon; Exists in two isomeric forms that
are mirror images of each other

A

Glyceraldehyde

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4
Q

Simplest monosaccharide that contains
three carbon atoms

A

Triose

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5
Q

Monosaccharide containing an aldehyde
group as part of its structure

A

Aldose

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5
Q

Molecules that differ from each other only in their configuration

A

Stereoisomers (optical isomers)

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6
Q

Does not contain a chiral carbon atom; Does not exist in non-superimposable mirror-image forms

A

Dihydroxyacetone

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7
Q

Three-dimensional arrangement of groups around a chiral carbon atom

A

Configuration

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7
Q

Mirror-image, non-superimposable stereoisomers

A

Enantiomers

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7
Q

T or F: Possibility of stereoisomerism increases as the number of carbon atoms decrease

A

False - carbon atoms increases

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8
Q

Two-dimensional representations of the
stereochemistry of three-dimensional molecules

A

Fischer Projections

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9
Q

—OH is on the right of the highest-numbered chiral carbon

A

D configuration

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10
Q

—OH is on the left of the highest-numbered chiral carbon

A

L configuration

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11
Q

Non-superimposable, non–mirror-image stereoisomers

A

Diastereomers

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11
Q

Compound that is formed by the reaction of
an aldehyde with an alcohol

A

Hemiacetal

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12
Q

Diastereomers that differ from each other in the configuration at only one chiral carbon

A

Epimers

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13
Q

Compound that is formed by the reaction of
a ketone with an alcohol

A

Hemiketal

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13
Q

Cyclic sugar with a five-membered ring; Rings are very nearly planar

A

Furanose

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14
Q

carbonyl carbon becomes a chiral center is called?

A

anomeric carbon

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15
Q

Cyclic form of a sugar containing a six-
membered ring; Rings exist in solution in the chair conformation

A

Pyranose

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16
Q

—OH on the anomeric carbon is cis to the terminal —CH2OH

A

B-

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17
Q

trans designation

A

a-

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18
Q

Intermediates in the breakdown of carbohydrates to provide energy

A

Phosphate esters

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18
Q

Compound formed when a hemiacetal
carbon reacts with an alcohol to give a full acetal

A

Glycoside

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19
Q

Resulting bond in glycoside is called

A

glycosidic bond

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19
Q

Glycosides involving a furanose

A

Furanosides

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20
Q

Glycosides involving a pyranose

A

Pyranosides

21
Q

Sugars with a substituted amino group (—NH2) as part of its structure

A

Amino Sugars

22
Q

Common table sugar, which is obtained from the juice of sugarcane and sugar beets

A

Sucrose

23
Q

formed when glucose and fructose are
bonded together

A

Disaccharide

24
Q

Made up of β-D-galactose and D-glucose

A

Lactose

25
Q

Group at the anomeric carbon of the glucose
portion is not involved in the glycosidic linkage

A

Reducing sugar

26
Q

Disaccharide that is obtained from the hydrolysis of starch

A

Maltose

27
Q

this is found in milk

A

Lactose

27
Q

Polymers of sugars

A

Polysaccharides

28
Q

this is obtained from starch

A

Maltose

28
Q

Major structural component of plants, especially of wood and plant fibers

A

Cellulose

29
Q

Polymer consisting of only one type of monosaccharide

A

Homopolysaccharide

29
Q

Polymer consisting of more than one type of
monosaccharide

A

Heteropolysaccharide

30
Q

Component of the vitreous humor of the eye and of the lubricating fluid of joints

A

Hyaluronic acid

30
Q

Branched chain polymer, with branches starting at α(1 → 6) linkages along the chain of α(1 → 4) linkages

A

Amylopectin

30
Q

Linear polymer of glucose, with all the residues linked together by α(1 → 4) bonds

A

Amylose

30
Q

From chicken liver; Branched-chain polymer of α-D-glucose; Consists of a chain of α(1 → 4) linkages with α(1 → 6) linkages at the branch points

A

Glycogen

30
Q

Protein situated at the heart of every glycogen

A

Glycogenin

30
Q

In cellulose, the monomer is ______

A

β-D-glucose

30
Q

Type of polysaccharide based on a repeating
disaccharide

A

Glycosaminoglycans

30
Q

n chitin, the monomer is ___________

A

N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine

31
Q

Major structural component of the exoskeletons of invertebrates, such as insects and crustaceans

A

Chitin

31
Q

Major components of bacterial cell walls

A

Heteropolysaccharides

32
Q

Polysaccharide that contains peptide crosslinks; Found in bacterial cell walls

A

Peptidoglycan

33
Q

Polymer made up of D-galacturonic acid, which is a derivative of galactose in which the hydroxyl group on C-6 has been oxidized to a carboxyl group; Found in plant cell walls

A

Pectin

33
Q

Major nonpolysaccharide component in plant cell walls; Polymer of coniferyl alcohol

A

Lignin

33
Q

Components of connective tissue

A

Chondroitin sulfates and keratan sulfate

34
Q

Stereoisomers that differ in configuration only at the anomeric carbon are called

A

anomers

34
Q

A five- or six-membered cyclic hemiacetal is represented as a planar ring, lying roughly perpendicular to the plane of the paper

A

Haworth Projections

34
Q

Glycoproteins with a high carbohydrate content

A

Proteoglycans

34
Q

Play an important role in eukaryotic cell
membranes

A

Glycoproteins

35
Q

a- means that the –OH on the anomeric carbon is on the side of the ring _____ from the
terminal –CH2OH

A

opposite

35
Q

The prefix “deoxy” means

A

“without oxygen”

35
Q

B- means that the –OH on the anomeric carbon is on the _____ side of the ring as the terminal – CH2OH

A

same

35
Q

A six-membered hemiacetal ring is called

A

pyranose

36
Q

a five-membered hemiacetal ring is called

A

furanose

36
Q

The change in specific rotation that accompanies the equilibration of a- and b-anomers in aqueous solution

A

Mutarotation

37
Q

A cyclic acetal derived from a monosaccharide is called

A

glycoside

37
Q

The bond from the anomeric carbon to the –OR group is called

A

glycosidic bond

38
Q

The reduction product is called

A

alditol

38
Q

found in the plant world in many berries and in cherries, plums, pears, apples, seaweed, and algae

A

Sorbitol

38
Q

T or F: Alditols are named by changing the suffix -ose to -itol

A

True

39
Q

a linear polysaccharide of D-glucose units joined by b-1,4- glycosidic bonds

A

Cellulose

39
Q

act like stiff rods and align themselves side by side into well-organized water-insoluble fibers in which their –OH groups form numerous
intermolecular hydrogen bonds

A

Cellulose molecules

39
Q

the oxidation product is called

A

aldonic acid

40
Q

a group of polysaccharides that contain carboxyl groups and/or sulfuric ester groups, and play important roles in the structure and function of connective tissues

A

Acidic polysaccharides

41
Q

synthesized and stored in mast cells of various
tissues, particularly the liver, lungs, and gut

A

Heparin

42
Q

best known and understood of its biological functions is its anticoagulant activity

A

Heparin

43
Q

it binds strongly to antithrombin III, a plasma protein involved in terminating the clotting process

A

Heparin

BIOCHEM (5 decks)

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