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BIOCHEM > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

The sum of all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the dynamic state of a cell or organism

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

Series of biochemical reactions

A

Pathway

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3
Q

The process of breaking down large nutrient molecules into smaller molecules with the concurrent production of energy

A

Catabolism

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3
Q

Sum of catabolism and anabolism

A

Metabolism

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4
Q

Process of synthesizing larger molecules from smaller ones

A

Anabolism

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4
Q

Where replication takes place

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

Remove damaged cellular components and some unwanted foreign materials

A

Lysosomes

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5
Q

oxidative process that releases energy

A

exothermic

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6
Q

reduction process that requires energy

A

endothermic

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6
Q

the loss of electrons

A

oxidation

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6
Q

the substance that
gains the electrons is called?

A

oxidizing agent

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7
Q

the substance that
loses the electrons is called?

A

reducing agent

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8
Q

agents for the transfer of electrons in biological oxidation-reduction reactions

A

FAD/FADH2

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8
Q

the gain of electrons

A

reduction

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9
Q

Carbon in most reduced form

A

alkane

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9
Q

agents for the transfer of electrons in biological oxidation-reduction reactions

A

NAD+/NADH

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10
Q

Carbon in most oxidized form

A

CO2 (final product of
catabolism)

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11
Q

agents for the storage and transfer of phosphate groups.

A

AMP, ADP, and ATP

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12
Q

An agent for the transfer of acetyl groups

A

Coenzyme A; abbreviated CoA or CoA-SH

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13
Q

most important compound involved in the
transfer of phosphate groups

A

ATP

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14
Q

ATP contains what bonds?

A
  1. 2 phosphoric anhydride bonds
  2. 1 phosphoric ester bond
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15
Q

a common currency for the storage and transfer of energy

A

ATP

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16
Q

T or F: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a biological oxidizing agent

A

True

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17
Q

T or F: Hydrolysis of a phosphoric anhydride liberates less energy than the hydrolysis of a phosphoric ester

A

False - more energy

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18
Q

a universal carrier of phosphate groups

A

ATP

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19
Q

Succinate to Fumarate

A

FAD to FADH2

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20
Q

Malate to Oxaloacetate

A

NADH+ to NADH w/ H+

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21
Q

inhibited by ATP, and NADH; also product
inhibition by citrate

A

Citrate synthase

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22
Q

activated by ADP and NAD+, inhibited by ATP and NADH

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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23
Q

inhibited by ATP and NADH; activated by ADP and NAD+

A

a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

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24
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation is carried out by four closely related multi-subunit membrane-bound complexes and two electron carriers

A
  1. coenzyme Q
  2. cytochrome c
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25
Q

What complex transforms NADH to NAD+, thus releasing 2 moles of H+

A

Complex I

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26
Q

What complex transforms CoQH2 to COQ, thus releasing 2 moles of H+ (in addition to reduction of 2 moles of cytochrome c)

A

Complex III

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27
Q

What complex transforms FADH to FAD

A

Complex II

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28
Q

What complex transforms oxygen air and protons into water

A

Complex IV

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29
Q

This complex is also known as cytochrome oxidase

A

Complex IV

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30
Q

Who proposed the chemiosmotic theory?

A

Peter Mitchell

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31
Q

T or F: There is a higher concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space than inside
the mitochondria

A

True

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32
Q

This proton gradient provides the driving force to propel protons back into the
mitochondrion through the enzyme complex called?

A

proton-translocating ATPase

33
Q

Number of ATP molecules produced per mole of GTP

34
Q

Number of ATP molecules produced per mole of FADH2

A

1.5 to 2 ATP

35
Q

Number of ATP molecules produced per mole of NADH

A

2.5 to 3 ATP

36
Q

The body maintains a K+ concentration gradient across cell membranes

A

higher inside and lower outside

36
Q

It maintains a Na+ concentration gradient across cell membranes

A

lower inside, higher outside

37
Q

ATP drives the alternating association and dissociation of actin and myosin and, consequently, the contraction and relaxation of muscle tissue

A

Mechanical energy

38
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP yields 7.3 kcal/mol; Some of this energy is released as heat to maintain body temperature

A

Heat energy

39
Q

Standard set of conditions used for comparisons of chemical reactions

A

Standard states

40
Q

This reaction occurs without added energy

A

Spontaneous reaction

41
Q

States that when a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system reacts so as to minimize the effect of that stress

A

Le Chatelier’s principle

42
Q

Equation that shows either the oxidative or the reductive part of an oxidation–reduction reaction

A

Half reaction

43
Q

Nonprotein substance that takes part in an
enzymatic reaction and is regenerated at the end of the reaction

44
Q

Functional group involved in the reaction; Derivative of nicotinic acid

A

Nicotinamide portion

45
Q

Involves a metabolite bonding to some other molecule

A

Activation in bioenergetics

46
Q

Provide the reducing power needed for the
anabolic processes of biosynthesis in reduced form

47
Q

bonds that require or release
convenient amounts of energy, depending on the direction of the reaction

A

“High Energy” bonds

48
Q

This is an essential high energy bond-containing compound

49
Q

first stage of glucose metabolism

A

Glycolysis

50
Q

A very important biomolecule – plays a
key role in the energy extraction

51
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis produces what?

52
Q

Aerobic oxidation ptoduces what?

A

6 CO2 and 6 H2O

53
Q

Anaerobic alcoholic fermentation produces what?

A

2 CO2 and 2 ethanol

54
Q

[Glycolytic Pathway] glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate

A

Isomerization

55
Q

[Glycolytic Pathway] glucose to glucose-6-phosphate

A

Phosphorylation

56
Q

[Glycolytic Pathway] fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

A

Phosphorylation

57
Q

[Glycolytic Pathway] fructose-1,6,-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihyroxyacetone phosphate

58
Q

[Glycolytic Pathway] dihyroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

A

Isomerization

59
Q

[Glycolytic Pathway] glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

60
Q

[Glycolytic Pathway] 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to give 3-phosphoglycerate

A

Phosphate transfer

61
Q

[Glycolytic Pathway] 3-phosphoglycerate to give 2-phosphoglycerate

A

Isomerization

62
Q

[Glycolytic Pathway] 2-phosphoglycerate to give phosphoenolpyruvate

A

Dehydration

63
Q

[Glycolytic Pathway] phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP to give pyruvate

A

Phosphate transfer

64
Q

[TCA Cycle] acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate to citric acid

A

Condensation

65
Q

[TCA Cycle] citric acid to isocitrate

A

Isomerization

66
Q

[TCA Cycle] isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate

67
Q

[TCA Cycle] ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA

A

Oxidative decarboxylation

68
Q

[TCA Cycle] succinyl-CoA to succinate

A

Hydrolysis

69
Q

[TCA Cycle] succinate to fumarate

70
Q

[TCA Cycle] fumarate to L-malate

71
Q

[TCA Cycle] malate to oxaloacetate

72
Q

Isocitrate is oxidized to a-ketoglutarate through what reaction?

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

73
Q

isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction produces

A

CO2 and NADH

74
Q

inhibited by ATP and NADH; also product inhibition by acetyl-CoA

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

75
Q

transport metabolites between mitochondria and cytosol

A

Shuttle mechanisms

76
Q

found in mammalian brain and muscles; this shuttle produces 1.5 ATP in the mitochondria for each cytosolic NADH

A

Glycerol phosphate shuttle

77
Q

found in mammalian kidney, liver, and heart; this shuttle 2.5 mitochondrial ATP for each cytosolic NADH

A

Malate-Aspartate Shuttle

78
Q

Complete breakdown requires _______ to degrade the a(1->6) linkages

A

debranching enzymes

79
Q

one whose carbon skeleton is degraded to pyruvate or oxaloacetate, both of which may then be converted to glucose

A

Glucogenic amino acid

80
Q

one whose carbon skeleton is degraded to acetyl-CoA or acetoacetyl-CoA, both of which may then be converted to ketone bodies

A

Ketogenic amino acid

81
Q

catalyze hydrolysis of bonds between fatty acid and the rest of triacylglycerols

82
Q

catalyze hydrolysis of bonds between fatty acid and the rest of phosphoacylglycerols

A

Phospholipases

83
Q

a series of reactions that cleaves carbon atoms two at a time from the carboxyl end of a fatty acid

A

B-Oxidation

84
Q

Hydration of the carbon-carbon double bond

A

Reaction 2

85
Q

Oxidation of the a,B carbon-carbon single bond to a carbon-carbon double bond

A

Reaction 1

86
Q

Oxidation of the B-hydroxyl group to a carbonyl group

A

Reaction 3

87
Q

Cleavage of the carbon chain by a reverse Claisen reaction

A

Reaction 4

BIOCHEM (5 decks)

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