Carbohydrates Flashcards
1 Carbohydrates; 1 sugar
Monosaccharides
2 Carbohydrates
Disaccharide
3-4 Carbohydrates
Oligosaccharides
Long chained Carbohydrates that is made up of smaller monosaccharides
Polysaccharide
Simplest Carbohydrates
Glycol Aldehyde
The only Carbohydrates to be directly used for energy or stored glycogen
Glucose
Most common non reducing sugar
Sucrose
Both endocrine and exocrine in the control of carbohydrates
Pancreas
Primary hormone responsible for entry of glucose into the cell; decrease glucose level
Insulin
Primary hormone responsible for increase glucose
Hyperglycemic agent
Release during stress and fasting states
Glucagon
Plasma glucagon concentration is normally ___
25-50pg/ml
These are secreted by the cells of zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal; promote gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
Cortisol and corticosteroids
Release from the chromatin cells of the adrenal medulla; inhibit secretion and promotes glycogenolysis and lipolysis
Cathecholamines
Secreted by anterior pituitary gland
Growth hormone (Somatotophic)
Produced by delta cells; inhibits the action of insulin, growth hormone, glucagon
Somatostatin
Increase in glucose concentration; toxic to beta cells function
Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia FBS level
≥126mg/dL
Results from an imbalance between glucose utilization and production
Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia symptom: tremors, palpitations, anxiety
Neurogenic
Hypoglycemia symptom: dizziness, tingling,blurred vision
Neuroglycopenic
Group of metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia
Diabetes Mellitus
DM fasting plasma glucose concentration
≥126mg/dL
Insulin dependent DM
Type 1 DM
Non insulin dependent DM
Type 2 DM
Occurs during pregnancy and disappears after delivery
Gestational DM
Gestational DM screening should be performed between ___ of gestation
24-28 weeks
Requested during insulin shock and hyperglycemic ketonic coma
RBS
Measure of overall glucose hemostasis; required at least 8hrs before the test
FBS
Measure how well the body metabolized glucose
2 hour PPBS
Multiple blood sugar test; should be performed to diagnose gestational diabetes
GTT
Oral GTT: most common method (single dose method)
Janney Isaacson method
Oral GTT: (divided oral dose or double dose method)
Exton Rose method
Used for DM patient with gastrointestinal disorder
Intravenous glucose tolerance test
WHO standard glucose load for OGTT
75g
OGTT fasting requirement
8hrs
known as glycated hgb; largest subtraction of normal hgb A in both diabetic
Glycosylated hgb (HbA1c)
