Carbohydrates

Question 1

What defines a compound as a carbohydrate?

Answer 1

C-H2O)n can be defined by the same structure.
Carbon backbone.

Question 2

List and describe the different isomers of carbohydrates?

Answer 2

Where the oxygen is on the carbon chain.
Ketone in the middle (ketose)
Aldehyde on the end (Aldose)
Isomer: same formula different structure.

Question 3

What are the functional groups and links that contributes to enhance carbohydrates’ diversity?

Answer 3

Ketones and aldehydes.
Epimers
Anomers = ring forms. alpha and beta conformations

Question 4

What is a hemiacetal?

Answer 4

The cyclic form of a sugar with alcohol

Question 5

What are the two principal roles of carbohydrates in living organisms?

Answer 5

Energy - producing ATP and inducing movement in enzymes
Carbon skeletons - used to make proteins, fats, etc.

Question 6

Glycanoproteids are only found in extracellular spaces. True or False.

Answer 6

True?

Question 7

How many isomers glucose can exhibit?

Answer 7

24 or 16 possible stereoisomers

Question 8

What are glycosidic bonds?

Answer 8

Covalent bonds that form between carbohydrates and another group between the hemiacetal and a hydroxyl group

Question 9

How is the natural aldose drawn in a Fischer projection?

Answer 9

H -=O
OH—H
H—OH
OH—H
H—OH
CH2OH

Question 10

Are disaccharides part of the oligosaccharides group? Why?

Answer 10

No; Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides.

Question 11

What is derivatized sugar?

Answer 11

Sugar that has been oxidized (gained e-), reduction, amino group replacing hydroxyl group, condensation

Question 12

What is cellulose? What is its main role in plants?

Answer 12

Polysaccharide that stacks. Gives structure.

Question 13

Proteoglycans include glycosaminoglycans and proteins and bind with water. True or False

Answer 13

False?

Question 14

How are carbohydrates bound to proteins?

Answer 14

Through post-translational modification; they form proteoglycans, peptidoglycans, and glycoproteins

Question 15

What are the Fischer projections of a natural ketose?

Answer 15

H
H -C-OH
C=O
H. C - OH
H

Question 16

Which is a disaccharide containing only glucose monosaccharides?

Answer 16

Maltose

Question 17

H5N1, what H and N stands for?

Answer 17

Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase

Question 18

Many glycoproteins interact with lectins for their function. True or False.

Answer 18

True?; Glycoproteins: more protein than sugar. 40% carbohydrates.

Question 19

Which polysaccharides have the same glycosidic bonds as maltose?

Answer 19

Amylose

Question 20

How can carbohydrates serve as cushion? Provide an example.

Answer 20

Cartilage. Water in peptidoglycan is removed to the side, water is recaptured to restore form.

Question 21

Peptidoglycans are structural molecules found in bacteria. True or False.

Answer 21

True. Peptidoglycan: protein = sugar. Found in cell wall. resists change.

Question 22

My blood type is O, how am I different from A and B group type?

Answer 22

There is no sugar present on the end of type O. Different amino acids and sugars are on A and B.

Question 23

What is one of the many roles of Mannose 6-phosphate?

Answer 23

Important for breaking down toxins. Recycle cell garbage.

Question 24

What is the role of L-lectin when expressed by (on) seeds?

Answer 24

Mix of protein and sugar.

Question 25

These are true about sugar amino acid combinations.

Answer 25

Proteoglycans include glycosaminoglycans
peptidoglycans are found in bacteria
glycoproteins can be used in cell-cell recognition

Question 26

Natural ketose

Answer 26

H
H—OH
=O
OH—H
H—OH
H