Carbohydrates Flashcards
What atoms are carbohydrates made up of?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What atoms is there two times as much of in carbohydrates?
Two times as many hydrogen than oxygen
What is the ratio of carbohydrates?
1:2:1
C:H:O
What is the chemical formula of glucose?
C6H12O6
Name three kinds of monosaccharides
-glucose
-fructose
-galactose
Name three kinds of disaccharides
-lactose
-sucrose
-maltose
Name three kinds of polysaccharides
-starch
-cellulose
-glycogen
What is glycogen
Animal starch
-meat
What is sucrose made up of
Glucose and fructose
What is maltase made up of
Double glucose
What is lactose made up of
Glucose and galactose
What is an organic substance
Any molecule with carbon and hydrogen
What are glycosidic bonds
Covalent bonds that join a carbohydrate molecule to another group
Carbon-oxygen-carbon
Which carbohydrates are big enough to be macromolecules
Polysaccharides
What is anabolism
The buildup of larger molecules from smaller ones.
-requires energy
-happens due to hydration synthesis
What is dehydration synthesis
The creation of larger molecules from smaller ones and a water molecule is released
Which of the 10 characteristics of life involves dehydration synthesis
Assimilation
What is hydrolysis
The breaking of glycosidic bonds that connect monosaccharides
-water is added
Which of the 10 characteristics of life involved hydrolysis
Digestion
What are two main functions of carbohydrates
-provide energy
-supply materials to build cell structures
What kind of carbs test positive for the iodine test
Polysaccharides
-they are able to bind iodine molecules to form intense blue colored complexes
What kinds of carbs test positive in Benedict’s Test
Reducing sugars
What carbs test positive during Barfoed’s test
Monosaccharides
What carbs test positive and negative during Seliwanoff test
Ketoses test positive aldoses test negative
What do reducing sugars include
All monosaccharides and most disaccharides (excluding sucrose)
In an aldose monosaccharide, where is the C-O at
The end or the outside of a molecule
In a ketose monosaccharide where is the C-O at
Inside the molecule
What carbohydrates are ketoses
Fructose
What carbohydrates are aldoses
Glucose and galactose
What does a lack of insulin production cause
Leads to elevated glucose levels in the blood (hypoglycemia)
-can cause damage to eyes, nerves and kidneys
What is an example of dehydration synthesis
The bonding of glucose and fructose to create sucrose
What is an example of hydrolysis
The breakdown of sucrose into glucose and fructose
Can cellulose be digested
No
What does cellulose do
Provides fiber which facilitates the movement of food
What happens if the body doesn’t get enough carbohydrates
Then non carbohydrates such as amino acids have to be converted into glucose
