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Biology > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Monomers from which larger carbohydrates can be made

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2
Q

What are isomers?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula, but arranged differently

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3
Q

What are the four monosaccharide isomers?

A

Galactose, fructose, alpha glucose and beta glucose

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4
Q

What does beta-glucose look like?

A

HO - H (bottom)

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5
Q

Describe the structure of fructose

A

It has four carbons and one oxygen atom in its main structure

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6
Q

What does galactose look like?

A

H - H (bottom)

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7
Q

What does apha-glucose look like?

A

HO - OH (bottom)

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8
Q

What monomers form the disaccharide maltose?

A

glucose + glucose

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9
Q

What monomers form the disaccharide sucrose?

A

glucose + fructose

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10
Q

What monomers form the disaccharide lactose?

A

glucose + galactose

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11
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A condensation reaction is when a molecule of water is eliminated to form a chemical bond between two molecules

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12
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides bond through a condensation reaction

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13
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A reaction that breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and uses a water molecule.

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14
Q

What bond is formed between monosaccharides after a condensation reaction?

A

Glycosidic bond

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15
Q

Which bonds form coils?

A

Alpha, 1-4

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16
Q

Which bonds form branches?

A

Alpha, 1-6

17
Q

What bonds form long, straight chains?

A

Beta, 1-4

18
Q

What monosaccharide is cellulose made from?

A

Beta- glucose monosaccharides

19
Q

What bonds are cellulose molecules joined with and why?

A

Beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds because it results in long, straight chains

20
Q

What bonds add to the rigidity of cellulose?

A

Microfibrils and macrofibrils held by hydrogen bonds

21
Q

What shape is glycogen and why?

A

It is coiled with 1-6 and 1-4 bonds for extra storage of energy as it is compact

22
Q

Why can’t glycogen escape the cell membrane?

A

Glycogen is a large molecule

23
Q

Why are polysaccharides insoluble?

A

If polysaccharides dissolve in the cell cytoplasm, they would decrease water potential. This would affect osmosis and thus the normal functioning of the cell.

24
Q

Why does glycogen have many alpha,1-6 glycosidic bonds for branching?

A

Glycogen can be hydrolysed more quickly to release glucose faster

25
Q

What is the difference between glycogen and starch?

A

Starch is found in plants, glycogen is found in animals

26
Q

What is osmotic lysis?

A

Bursting of the cell due to excess water moving in by osmosis

27
Q

Test for reducing / non-reducing sugars

A

How do we test for reducing sugars?

1. Prepare a beaker of fresh, boiling water as a water bath (to speed up the reaction with thermal energy)

2. Place 3cm^3 of the sample to a boiling tube, (water, grinded sample) add 3cm^3 of benedict's solution and place in the water bath

3. If there is no colour change, add HCl to a new sample

4. This will hydrolyse the sample and should break the glycosidic bonds to allow it to become monosaccharides

5. Slowly add 6cm^3  of sodium hydrogen carbonate in the heat to neutralise the acid (so benedict's solution can work effectively on it later on)

6. Test the solution using pH paper (e.g. litmus)

7. Add Benedict's solution
8. Blue to copper red would indicate the presence of a reducing sugar as the cu2+ ions would be reduced (they go blue to red, they lost electrons)
28
Q

What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?

A

Amylose is unbranched and compact for extra storage of energy

Amylopectin is branched with many side bonds for fast energy release

29
Q

What is the chemical formula for disaccharides?

A

C12H22O11

30
Q

What is the chemical formula for monosccharides?

A

C6H12O6

31
Q

What type of bonding is there between the chains of beta-glucose in cellulose?

A

Cellulose has many weak hydrogen bonds between the unbranched and straight chains of beta-glucose.

32
Q

Give 3 properties of glycogen

A

Insoluble, large, compact

33
Q

What is the role of glycogen and its location?

A

It is a storage molecule in animals

34
Q

How does the structure of glycogen aid with fast respiration?

A

There is a greater number of branches, so there are a greater number of ‘ends’ for the enzymes to attach to. A greater number of glucose molecules will be released

Biology (8 decks)

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