Carbohydrate Metabolism V

Question 1

Transfer of sulfate to GAGs

Answer 1

using sulfotransfrase enzymes.

Question 2

Synthesis and assembly of molecules in the ECM

Answer 2

The core proteins are synthesized at the ER, which then pass to the golgi for glycosylation and sulfation. The proteoglycan molecules are then secreted into the ECM and these bottle brushes are then attached to hyaluronic acid

Question 3

What can glucose be converted to

Answer 3

all the constituent sugars required by the body.

Question 4

What does the body need for protein glycosylation

Answer 4

mannose, galactose, fucose

Question 5

What does the interconversion of glucose to galactose use

Answer 5

EDP-glucose epimerase

Question 6

How is mannose formed

Answer 6

by an isomerase enzyme and from the substrate fructose 6P

Question 7

How is fucose formed

Answer 7

from mannose by adding a GDP onto mannose and useing an isomerase enzyme

Question 8

How to detox xenobiotics

Answer 8

Acetaminophen is first glycosylated by the addition of glucorinc acid from UDP-glucoronate. It then becomes water soluble and is transported through the circulation and filtered out of the body by the kidney

Question 9

Degradation of GAGS

Answer 9

Proteoglycans are degraded in the lysosomes, where they are hydrolyzed by a sequence of various enzymes required to breakdown the specific disaccharides in the GAGs

Question 10

Etiology of mucopolysaccaridoses

Answer 10

Caused by a defect in any of the hydrolases found in the lysosomes that would degrade a disaccharid found in proteoglycans. If the enzymatic defect is present then the result will be an accumulation of the respective substrate that would have otherwise been broken down. Causes issues in skeletal and intellectual formation

Question 11

Glucose utilization in erythrocytes

Answer 11

Use glucose in glycolytic pathways. Post glycolysis pyruvate will undergo lactic acid fermentation and lactate will be transported to liver for cori cycle. RBCs can also utilize the PPP to make ribose and NADPH if needed

Question 12

Glucose utilization in muscle

Answer 12

utilize glucose in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation as well as in PPP. Can also store glucose in form of glycogen. Can produce lactate

Question 13

Glucose utilization in Adipocytes

Answer 13

Glucose is used in glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, PP and FA synthesis

Question 14

Glucose utilization in hepatocytes

Answer 14

oxygen does everything. Add gluconeogensis and ability to form glucuronides