Carbohydrate Metabolism IV

Question 1

Insulin

Answer 1

released from B cells in pancrease. Lowers blood sugar conc by activated glycogen synthase and stimulates glycolysis and ATP productio

Question 2

Glucagon

Answer 2

released from alpha cell of pancrease. Increased blood sugar concentration by activating glycogen phosporylase to break down glycogen and activates glyconeogensis. Only in liver, not found in muscle

Question 3

Epinephrine

Answer 3

stimulates ATP production from glycogen breakdown

Question 4

What does insulin activate

Answer 4

PPi, which activates glycogen synthase and inactivate glycogen phosphorylates.

Question 5

Insulin in liver

Answer 5

deactivates glycogen phosphorylase, stimulates glycolysis, no effect on glucose uptake

Question 6

Inslin in muscle

Answer 6

stimulates glucose uptake. Glycolysis, and icnreased muscle glycogen and creatine phosphate levels

Question 7

What do glucagon and epinephrine activate

Answer 7

PKA through activation of cAMP pathway.

Question 8

Where does glucagon affect

Answer 8

the liver

Question 9

Activated sugar nucleotide

Answer 9

allows for glycogen synthesis because it provides the energy necessary to attach to the growing glycogen chain

Question 10

Type I/ Van Gierke Disease

Answer 10

defect in G6-phosphatase so G6P doesn’t get converted to glucose. Kindey and liver unavle to export glucose. Hypoglycemia and increased liver glycogen levles

Question 11

Type II/Pompe Disease

Answer 11

Deficiency in Acid Maltase needed for breakdown of glycogen that slowly accumulates in the lysosome. Kills affected cells over time. Death due to cardiac, respiratory failure

Question 12

Type III/Cori Disease

Answer 12

defect in glycogen branching enzyme. Glycogen granules grow really long and accumulate becasue only non-branched, outer layers can be degraded

Question 13

Type V/McArdle Disease

Answer 13

defect in muscle glycogen phosphorylase. Muscle unable to use stored glycogen. Increased levels of glycogen in muscle. When you need glucose during exercise, the muscle will cramp due to lack of energy and lack of lactate production

Question 14

Type VI/ Hers Disease

Answer 14

Same process as type V, but occurs in the liver. Hypoglycemia because you can’t breakdown glycogen. Can’t released stored glucose into bloodstream

Question 15

Main pathway of alcohol metabolism

Answer 15

sequence of two dehydrogenase reactions

Question 16

MEOS system

Answer 16

induced by heavy drinking. MEOS metabolizes more substranced than just ethanol, will change pharmodynamics of many drugs

Question 17

Why does NADH conc increase while NADPH conc decreases in alcohol metabolizing cells

Answer 17

MEOS oxidizes NADPH, while alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase reduce NAD to NADH as ethanol is oxidized to Acetyl-CoA