Carbohydrate Metabolism I

Question 1

Oxidation of Sugar

Answer 1

gives you acids and ketons.

Question 2

Reduction of Sugar

Answer 2

gives you hexitols

Question 3

Phosphorylation of sugar

Answer 3

in cell, glucose phosphorylated right away by hexokinase into G6P. In liver glucose phosphorylated right away by glucokinase

Question 4

Amination of sugars

Answer 4

F6P started synthesis of aminosugar N-acetyl-glucosamine, imporant part of extracelluar matrix

Question 5

Sulfation of sugars

Answer 5

Sulfated sugars found in large proteoglycan molecules that make up the ECM. Sulfotransferase enzymes add sulfate froups to C6, C4, or C2 on carbs.

Question 6

Maltose

Answer 6

Glucose + Glucose. alpha 1,4 bond

Question 7

Sucrose

Answer 7

Fructose + Glucose, alpha 1, beta 2 bond

Question 8

Lactose

Answer 8

Galatose + Glucose, beta 1,4 bond

Question 9

UDP- glucose

Answer 9

needed for glycogen formation reactions

Question 10

UDP- glucoronic acid

Answer 10

needed for liver detox reactiosn

Question 11

Glycosidic bonds

Answer 11

made between activated sugar nucleotide and substrate

Question 12

Glycogen

Answer 12

alpha 1,4 linkages between glucose monomers with brances at alpha 1,6 linkages. animal glucose storage

Question 13

Amylose

Answer 13

alpha 1,4 linkages between glucose monomers. Found in starch.

Question 14

Cellulose

Answer 14

beta-linkages between glucose monomers. FOund in plants

Question 15

Polysaccharid breakdown

Answer 15

1) alpha-amylase cleaves alpha-glycosidic bonds randomly
2) in small intestine, alpha-lucosidase and isomaltase further break down alpha-limit dextrin and maltase hydrolyzes maltose into 2 glucoses
3) Maltotriose broken down by oligosacchrides

Question 16

What is sugar broken down by

Answer 16

sucrase/isomaltase

Question 17

Raffinose

Answer 17

sugar that is abundant in seeds, cannnot be digested by humans

Question 18

Uptake of Glucose/Galactose

Answer 18

brought into small intestine through SGLT1 active sympotor. Goes into circulation through GLUT2. In cell, glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase to G6P and galactose is phosphorylated by galactokinas eot rate it

Question 19

Uptake of Fructose

Answer 19

brought into small intestine epithelium through GLUT 5 channel. Then into circulation through facilitated diffusion (NO ATP) once in liver, phosphorylated by fructokinase