Carbohydrate Metabolism Basics

Question 1

A monosaccharide is

& its molecular formula is

Answer 1

a single carbohydrate molecule also known as a simple sugar’

CnH2nOn

Question 2

Two monosaccharides bonded together is

Answer 2

A disaccharide

Question 3

A few monosaccharides bonded together is

Answer 3

A oligosaccharide

Question 4

Many monosaccharides bonded together is

Answer 4

polysaccharide

Question 5

The bond between two simple sugars is referred to as

Answer 5

a glycosidic linkage

Question 6

Glycosidic linkage bond is formed how?

Answer 6

Through a dehydration reaction that require enzymatic catalysis

Question 7

Sucrose is made up of which two monosaccharides?

Answer 7

glucose and fructose

Question 8

Lactose is made up of which two monosaccharides?

Answer 8

galactose and glucose

Question 9

How are monosaccharides created in order to be used in metabolic pathways (thus be used for energy)?

Answer 9

Through hydrolysis of polysaccharides - enzymatic catalysis is necessary to move reaction forward but still favored thermodynamically

Question 10

In cellular respiration, the high-energy electron carriers are?

Answer 10

NAD+ and FAD (NADH and FADH2 before oxidation)

Question 11

NADH and FADH2 both serve as

Answer 11

enzymatic cofactors

Question 12

The four step process of glucose being oxidized to produce CO2 and ATP is

Answer 12

glycolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), Krebs cycle, and electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation

Question 13

primary protein structure refers to the

Answer 13

amino acid sequence that makes up a protein

Question 14

secondary protein structure refers to the

Answer 14

arrangement in space of the peptide backbone of a protein

*only two bonds have free rotation

Question 15

in secondary protein structure, alpha-helix are

Answer 15

side chains that radiate out from the helix axis

Question 16

in secondary protein structure, the alpha-helix contain hydrogen bonds that are

Answer 16

parallel to the helix axis

Question 17

in secondary protein structure, the alpha-helix coil is what direction

Answer 17

clockwise (right-handed)

Question 18

in secondary protein structure, beta-sheet are

Answer 18

side chains that alternate forces of the sheet

Question 19

in secondary protein structure, beta-sheet strands orientation are

Answer 19

parallel (polypeptide stands run in same direction) or anitparallel (polypeptide stands run in opposite direction)

Question 20

in secondary protein structure, beta-sheet is stabilized by

Answer 20

hydrogen bonding between the NH and CO groups in backbone

Question 21

tertiary protein structure refers to

Answer 21

the interactions of side chains
hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions
covalent/non covalent interactions
electrostatic interactions

Question 22

tertiary protein structure, van der Waals forces occurs between

Answer 22

nonpolar side chains

Question 23

tertiary protein structure, hydrogen bonding occurs between

Answer 23

polar side chains (Ser, Thr)

Question 24

tertiary protein structure, disulfide bonds occur between

Answer 24

cysteine residues

Question 25

tertiary protein structure, electrostatic interactions occur between

Answer 25

amino acids with opposite charge thus acidic and basic side chains thus attraction
amino acids with like charge thus repulsion

Question 26

quaternary protein structure refers to

Answer 26

interactions between polypeptide subunits

dimers, trimers, tetramers

Question 27

quaternary protein structure have noncovalent interactions such as

Answer 27

electrostatic, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions