Carbohydrate metabolism and control of blood glucose Flashcards

1
Q

how is glucose transported across the cell membrane

A

facilitated diffusion
glucose binds to the receptor carrier protien
creates a conformational change
intracellular release

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2
Q

how is GI glucose absorption brought about

A

linked to active sodium -glucose co- transport

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3
Q

Where is insulin produced

A

Pancreatic beta cells in the islets of langerhans

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4
Q

When is insulin secreted

A

When blood sugars are high

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5
Q

What is the half life of insulin

A

6 mins

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6
Q

How is insulin degraded

A

by insulinase in the liver

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of insulin secretion

A

-increase in glucose - glucsose taken into beta-cell by faciliated diffusion
- glucose converted to glucose-6-phophate by glucokinase
G6P oxidised to ATP
k+ channels open and K+ enter cell- depolarises
Depolarisation causes Ca2+ channel to open and influx of Ca2+
Insulin stored in vesicles exit the cell by exocytosis

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8
Q

impact of somatostatin/norepinephrine on insulin

A

Reduced insulin secretion

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9
Q

Impact of glucagon-like-peptide-1 on insulin

A

Promotes ca2+ influx and therefore promote the release of insulin

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10
Q

Sulphonylurea drug impact on insulin

A

Encourage K+ channels to close

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11
Q

What impact does sympathetic stimulation and epinephrine have on insulin

A

decrease insulin secretion

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12
Q

What else has an influence on insulin

A

Amino acids
GI hormones
Autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

What tissues are metabolic targets

A

Adipose
Straited muscle
Liver

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14
Q

What will an incease in insulin cause

A

Glucokinase - Glucose -6- PO4- glucose uptake
glycogen synthase - Glycogen storage

ALL INCREASE

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15
Q

What will a decrease in insulin cause

A

increase in
liver pohosphorylase causes increasein glycogen breakdown
increase in phsophatease would a decrease in glucose-6-PO4 which would cause an increase in glucose release

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16
Q

What impact does insulin have on the brain

A

Insulin does not effect glucose uptake in the brain

17
Q

What is insulin converted by

A

glucagon
adrenaline/noradrenaline
cortisol
growth hormone

18
Q

Where is glucagon produced

A

Pancreatic alpha cells in islets of langerhans

19
Q

When is glucagon secreted

A

When blood glucose in low

20
Q

What does glucagon promote

A

Hepatic glucose release which increases glucogenolysis

21
Q

What does an increase in glucogenolysis cause

A

An increase in liver phosphorylase casuing an increase in glycogen breakdown and an increase in glucose release

22
Q

When does gluconeogenesis start to occur

A

When all the glycogen stores have been depleted

23
Q

Features of Type 1 diabetic

A

Insulin dependent
beta cell dysfucntion
juvenile onset

24
Q

Features of type 2 diabetic

A

Non - insulin dependent
Insulin resistance
obesity related
> 30 years old

25
Why is there often XS glucose in the urine
It is not al filtered by the PCT
26
What will dehydration cause
increase in blood glucose Increase in osmolality of ECF Causing the water to leave the cells
27
What can cause glucotoxicity and what can it lead to
Adherent cellular messaging chronic inflammation beta-cell dysfunction endothelial dysfunction can lead to tissue damage
28
What else can diabetes casuse
Lead to an increase of ketone in the blood - lowers pH switch to fat metabolism and increase in hormone sensitive lipase
29
What does a decrease in insulin cause
Increase in the utilisation of fat and protein leading to a depletion of body protein
30
how is diabetes usually diagnosed
urine Fasting blood glucose glucose tolerance test ketoacidosis