carbohydrate metabolism 1

Question 1

what is a major macronutrient in most human diets

Answer 1

carbohydrates

Question 2

what do the epithelial cells lining the digestive tract employ to make sure no glucose molecules left behind

Answer 2

transporters

Question 3

what is primary active transport

Answer 3

used to establish a concentration gradient that can be used to bring glucose

Question 4

what is secondary active transport

Answer 4

used to couple the transport of glucose to the transport of sodium down its electrochemical gradient

Question 5

what is passive transport

Answer 5

allows glucose to leave the epithelial cell and enter blood down its concentration gradient

Question 6

how does glucose uptake take place in epithelial cell

Answer 6

glucose is absorbed into enterocytes using the energy of the sodium gradient a type of active transport
glucose enters the blood through glucose transporters on the basal side of the enterocyte
sodium potassium atp ase on the basal side of the enterocyte uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to decrease sodium na+ in the cell, this maintains the downhill sodium gradient between lumen of the intestine and the cytosol of the enterocyte

Question 7

what does the sodium potassium atp ase do in glucose transport

Answer 7

2 potassium ions enter through sodium atpase, three sodium ions leave
the sodium glucose symporter driven by high extracellular sodium
glucose GLUT2 facilitates downhill efflux

Question 8

what is type 1 diabetes

Answer 8

caused by autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells destroying ability to secrete insulin

Question 9

what is type 2 diabetes

Answer 9

cell fails to respond to insulin, pancreas intially secretes extra insulin to partially compensate then insulin secretion declines

Question 10

what kind of transport occurs by the sodium potassium pump in basolateral membrane

Answer 10

primary active transport

Question 11

what kind of transport occurs by the sodium glucose pump in apical surface sglt1 symporter

Answer 11

secondary active transport

Question 12

what kind of transport occurs by the glut2 transporter in the basolateral membrane
glut2 uniporter

Answer 12

passive facilitated diffusion

Question 13

type 2 diabetes what happens in adipose what decreases

Answer 13

glycolysis fat synthesis

Question 14

type 2 diabetes what happens in skeletal muscle cells

Answer 14

glycolysis and glycogenesis decreases

Question 15

type 2 diabetes what happens in liver

Answer 15

glycogenesis and fat synthesis decreases
gluconeogenesis increases

Question 16

what is diabetes treated with

Answer 16

insulin administration
insulin sensitisers