abdominal wall

Question 1

what does the abdominal cavity contain

Answer 1

digestive tract
liver
gall bladder
pancreas
spleen
kidney
adrenal glands

Question 2

what are the 6 regions that the abdomen is split into

Answer 2

right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbillicus, left lumbar region, right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region

Question 3

what is the transpyloric plane

Answer 3

the lower border of the L1 vertebral body halfway between the umbillicus and xipherasternal joint

Question 4

what is the transtubercular plane

Answer 4

across the iliac tuberculaes

Question 5

what is the mid inguinal point

Answer 5

halfway between the ASIS and the pubic symphesis

Question 6

what does asis stand for

Answer 6

anterior superior iliac spine

Question 7

what are the five bilaterally paired muscles in the anteriolateral abdominal wall

Answer 7

3 flat- external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominus
what are the 2 verticle muscles- pyramidus, rectus abdominus

Question 8

what is the midline aponeurosis of abdominal muscles

Answer 8

runs from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis

Question 10

explain the origin of the second layer internal oblique

Answer 10

origin- thoracolumbar fascia anterior 2/3rds of the iliac crest, and lateral half of inguinal ligament
insertion- inferior borders of 10th-12th rib linea alba and pecten pubis via conjoint tendon

Question 11

what is the function of the second layer, internal oblique

Answer 11

flexes and rotates the trunk
compresses and supports abdominal viscera

Question 12

explain the origin insertion function of the deepest layer terminus abdominus.

Answer 12

function- compresses and supports abdominal viscera
origin- internal surfaces of the 7th-12th costal cartilages. thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and lateral third of inguinal ligament
insertion- linea alba with aponeurosis of internal oblique, pubic crest, pecetn pubis via conjoint tendon

Question 13

explain the insertion origin and function of the vertical muscle rectus abdominus

Answer 13

anterior midline vertical layer
origin- pubic symphysis and pubic crest
insertion-xiphoid process 5-7 costal cartilages
function- flexes trunk (lumbar vertebrae) and compresses abdominal viscera, stabilises and controls tilt of pelvis (antilordosis)

Question 14

what intersections does rectus abdominus contain

Answer 14

tendinous intersections

Question 15

what is pyramidalis muscle

Answer 15

absent in about 20% of people
connects from line alba to the anterior surface of the pubis and the anterior pubic ligament
function- tenses linea alba
when present, surgeons use the attachment of the pyramidalis to the linea alba, as a landmark for an accurate median abdominal incision.

Question 16

what is the arcuate line

Answer 16

sharp concave line that occurs midway between umbillicus and pubic symphysis

Question 17

what is a hernia

Answer 17

a protusion of a organ or tissue through an abnormal opening in surrounding muscle or connective tissue it occurs when there is a weakness in the abdominal wall

Question 18

what are the three types of hernia you could have in the abdominal cavity

Answer 18

epigastric hernia
incisional hernia
umbilical hernia
spigelian hernia

Question 19

what is epigastric hernia

Answer 19

typically congenital or caused by weak abdominal wall due to pregnancy or obesity

Question 20

how does the arterial supply for the anterior abdominal wall work

Answer 20

anastomoses of superior and inferior epigastric arteries within rectus sheath

Question 21

what are superficial veins

Answer 21

thoracoepigastric vein drains into axillary vein
superficial inferior epigastric vein drains into femoral vein

Question 22

what are deep veins

Answer 22

superior epigastric vein drains into subclavian vein

Question 23

where does thoracoepigastric vein drain into

Answer 23

axillary vein

Question 24

where does superficial inferior epigastric vein drain into

Answer 24

femoral vein

Question 25

the deep veins where does superior epigastric veins drain into

Answer 25

subclavian

Question 26

deep veins where does inferior epigastric veins drain into

Answer 26

femoral vein

Question 27

what is caput medusae

Answer 27

portal hypertension( following damage to liver) can result in dilated abdominal veins surrounding the umbillicus

Question 28

which lymph nodes does lymph superior to umbillicus drain into

Answer 28

axillary lymph nodes

Question 29

which lymph nodes does lymph inferior to umbilicus drain into

Answer 29

superficial inguinal and superficial sub inguinal lymph nodes

Question 30

where is the inguinal ligament located

Answer 30

between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic crest

Question 31

what are the 2 types of inguinal hernias

Answer 31

indirect direct inguinal hernias

Question 32

what is an indirect inguinal hernia

Answer 32

through inguinal canal lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels

Question 33

what is a direct inguinal hernia

Answer 33

through body wall medial to inferior epigastric vessels

Question 34

what is hesselbachs triangle

Answer 34

medial-lateral border of rectus abdominus muscle lateral-inferior epigastric vessels inferior-inguinal ligament

Question 35

what is a midline/medial incision

Answer 35

cuts through lines of alba, easily avoids muscle, nerves, blood vessels, lower median incisions (below umbilicus) sometimes used for reaching female pelvic viscera

Question 36

what are paramedian incisions

Answer 36

cuts through the rectus sheath. may be favoured over median incision because lines of alba have poor blood supply and can have issues with healing

Question 37

what is a muscle splitting incision

Answer 37

used for appendoctomy goes through internal external oblique and transverse abdomens

Question 38

what is mcburneys incision

Answer 38

mcburneys point is one third from asis to umbilicus. location of base of appendix old fashioned incision site for appendoctomy

Question 39

what is a subcostal incision

Answer 39

for gallbladder and billary duct surgery

Question 40

what is suprapubic (kerr) incision

Answer 40

made at pubic hairline used for gynaeological and obstretical procedures such as c section or removal of tubal pregnancy

Question 41

how are external oblique and rectus abdominus innervated

Answer 41

anterior (ventral) rami t7-t12

Question 42

how are internal oblique and transverse abdominus innervated

Answer 42

t7-L1 anterior ventral rami

Question 43

what dermatome is the umbilicus located in

Answer 43

t10

Question 44

what parts make up the inguinal canal

Answer 44

anterior wall posterior wall roof floor

Question 45

what is the anterior wall of the inguinal canal

Answer 45

aponeurosis of the external oblique reinforced by internal oblique muscle laterally

Question 46

what is the posterior wall of the inguinal canal

Answer 46

transversalis fascia

Question 47

what is the roof of the inguinal canal

Answer 47

transversalis fascia, internal oblique and transverse abdominus

Question 48

what is the floor of the inguinal canal

Answer 48

inguinal ligament (rolled up portion of external oblique aponeurosis thickened medially by lacunar ligament

Question 49

what is the inguinal canal

Answer 49

oblique opening in the anterior abdominal wall through which the spermatic cord can pass in males testes are kept outside abdominal cavity to be cool

Question 50

what is the spermatic cord

Answer 50

contains blood supply, nerves muscles and ductus deferens and life support for testes

Question 51

what are the contents of inguinal canal in females

Answer 51

round ligament, genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve and ilioinguinal nerve