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anatomy of gut Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different parts of the mediastinum

A

superior
inferior mediastinum
inferior mediastinum divided into anterior middle posterior

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2
Q

what are the three different parts of the inferior mediastinum

A

anterior
middle
posterior

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3
Q

layers of heart muscle from outermost to innermost

A

fibrous pericardium- tough outermost layer of pericardium
serous pericardium- parietal layer which lines fibrous pericardium, visceral pericardium which is the epicardium
epicardium- visceral layer of the serous pericardium thin outermost layer of actual heart wall, contains fat, lymphatic vessels,blood vessels
myocardium-muscular middle layer, thickest muscle layer of heart wall itself responsible for contracting and pumping blood
endocardium-inner lining of heart chambers and valves smooth and prevents blood clots

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4
Q

what are the three muscle layers of the actual heart wall

A

epicardium-visceral layer of serous pericardium, thin outermost layer of actual heart wall, contains fat, lymphatics and blood vessels
myocardium-thickest of the three heart wall muscles, contracting and pumping blood
endocardium- inner lining of heart chambers and valves, smooth and prevents blood clots

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5
Q

what is the abdomen a region between

A

chest and pelvis containing organs for reproduction digestion and excretion

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6
Q

what are the boundaries of the abdominal cavity
superior
anterior lateral
posterior medial
inferior

A

superior- diaphragm
anterior lateral- abdominal muscles
posterior medial-lumbar vertebrae
inferior- pelvic inlet

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7
Q

what are the nine regions of the abdomen

A

left hypochondriac, epigastric, right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac, left lumbar, umbilicus

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8
Q

what is the inguinal ligament

A

band of connective tissue extending from ilium to pubis, thickened free end of the lower external oblique muscle

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9
Q

what does ASIS stand for

A

anterior superior iliac spine

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10
Q

what is the corresponding dermatome for asis

A

L1

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11
Q

what are the five paired muscles that make up the anterolateral abdominal wall

A

pyramidalis
rectus abdominus
3 flat muscles
external oblique
inner oblique
transverse abdominus

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12
Q

what is the linea alba

A

fibrous structure that runs from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis
composed of collagen fibres which provide structural support to abdominal wall

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13
Q

what percentage of people is pyramidalis absent in

A

20% of people

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14
Q

what is the role of pyramidalis muscle

A

connects linea alba to anterior pubis

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15
Q

what is the attachment between linea alba and anterior pubis used as a landmark for

A

median abdominal incision

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16
Q

what is the origin of the rectus abdominus

A

pubic symphysis and pubic crest

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17
Q

what is the insertion of the rectus abdominus

A

xiphoid process and 5th-7th costal cartilage

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18
Q

what is the function of the rectus abdominus

A

flexes trunk (lumbar vertebrae) and compresses abdominal viscera stabilises and controls tilt of pelvis (anti lordosis)
rectus abdominus has tendinous intersections

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19
Q

what does lordosis mean and what muscle is anti lordosis

A

lordosis- tilting of pelvis
rectus abdominus- prevents tilting of pelvis and flexes the trunk (lumbar vertebrae) compresses abdominal viscera stabilises and controls tilt of pelvis

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20
Q

how to identify the flexion of the rectus abdominus

A

decreases the angle of the joint between trunk and hip

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21
Q

what is the origin of the external oblique

A

external surfaces of 5th-12th ribs

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22
Q

what is the insertion of the external oblique

A

linea alba, pubic tubercle, anterior half of iliac crest

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23
Q

what is the function of external oblique

A

rotates the trunk and flexes the spine
fibres run downward and forward

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24
Q

what is the origin of the internal oblique

A

thoracolumbar fascia, anterior 2/3rd of iliac crest and lateral half of inguinal ligament

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25
what is the insertion of the internal oblique
inferior borders of 10th-12th ribs, linea alba, pecten pubis via conjoint tendon
26
what is the function of internal oblique
compress and support abdominal viscera, flex and rotate the trunk
27
what is the origin of the transverse abdominus
internal surfaces of 7th-12th costal cartilages, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and lateral third of inguinal ligament
28
what is the insertion of the transverse abdominus
linea alba with aponeurosis of internal oblique and pecten pubis via conjoint tendon
29
what is the function of the transverse abdominus
compresses and supports abdominal viscera
30
what is the conjoint tendon
joins fibres from internal obliques and transverse abominus to pecten pubis
31
what is the thoracolumbar fascia
network of collagen fibres that allow for muscle attachment and covering of internal organs
32
what is aponeurosis
aponeurosis is similar to tendon except that its sheet like a tendon helps connect muscles to a bone, aponeurosis acts in the same way present in the abdomen as the rectus sheath
33
what is the rectus sheath
fibrous covering of the rectus abdominus muscle formed by blending the aponeurosises of transverse abominus, internal oblique, external oblique when all the aponeuroses they form a midline of connective tissue called the linea alba which is a common insertion point for abdominal muscles
34
what is the arctuate line
between umbilicus and pubic symphysis
35
what muscles does rectus sheath contain
rectus abominus and pyramidalis
36
what vasculature does rectus sheath contain
superior and inferior epigastric arteries and veins lymphatic vessels
37
what nerves does rectus sheath contain
termination parts of lower five intercostal nerves t7-t11 and the 12th thoracic nerve
38
what are all abominal muscles innervated by
t7-l1 ventral rami
39
what dermatome does umbilicus correspond to
t10
40
what dermatome does pubis correspond to
t12
41
what dermatome does xiphoid process correspond to
t6
42
what dermatome does the nipples correspond to
t4
43
what are the five folds in the parietal peritoneum
1 a singlular median umbilical fold two medial umbilical folds two lateral umbilical folds
44
what is a hernia
a protrusion of an internal body part through weakness in muscles or tissue wall
45
what is an epigastric hernia
typically congenital caused by weakened abdominal wall due to obesity or pregnancy risk of strangulation of the intestines can lead to necrosis
46
list the different types of hernias
epigastric incisional hernia umbilical hernia spigelian hernia
47
what is an incisional hernia
an incisional hernia is usually caused post operation, it occurs when there is a tear or weakness in the abdominal wall, it is treated surgically through laparoscopy or open surgery (if too much scar tissue or hernia is too large)
48
what is an umbilical hernia
defect around the umbilicus, protrusion of abdominal contents either fat or intestine into area where belly button is bulge around umbilical area, intestine can get stuck into this hernia causing an obstruction can be caused by pregnancy obesity or congenitally in infants, can also be caused by chronic coughing , constipation or urinary retention, age, previous operations all of these are factors that increase intraabdominal pressure and so can contribute to umbilical hernia
49
what is spigelian hernia
there is fascia called spigelian fascia which is located between the external oblique and the rectus abdominus. its a layer of connective tissue on the side of the abdomen, a spigelian hernia is when there is a weakness or defect in the spigelian fascia it usually found in the lower abdomen but can be caused by the rib cage as well a spigelian hernia occurs when part of fat or the bowel protudes through a weak spot in the spigelian fascia can be related to an abdominal defect in the spigelian fascia or can be caused by increased intra abdominal pressure by heavy lifting, obesity or chronic coughing
50
arterial supply of the abdomen where do the right and left subclavian arteries arise from
the right subclavian artery arises from the braciocephallic artery the left subclavian artery arises from the arch of the aorta
51
what artery branches from subclavian artery and descends behind costal cartilage giving out anterior intercostal arteries
internal thoracic artery
52
what number rib does internal thoracic artery split into superior epigastric artery and musculophrenic artery
7
53
what is inbetween the superior and inferior epigastric arteries
anastamoses
54
what is the venous drainage of the abdomen carried out by
deep and superficial veins
55
name the two deep veins that drain the abdominal wall
superior epigastric vein inferior epigastric vein
56
name the two superficial veins that drain the abdominal wall
superficial inferior epigastric vein thoracoepigastric vein
57
what does the superior epigastric vein drain into
subclavian vein
58
what does the inferior epigastric vein drain into
external iliac vein
59
what does the superficial inferior epigastric vein drain into
femoral vein
60
what does the thoracoepigastric vein drain into
axillary vein
61
what is caput medusae
portal hypertension (following damage to the liver) results in dilated abdominal veins surrounding the umbilicus
62
what is the inguinal canal
a passage between the abdominal cavity through anterior abdominal wall to reach genitalia
63
does the inguinal canal lie below or above the inguinal ligament
above inguinal ligament
64
how is the inguinal canal formed
formed by the folds of the external abdominal oblique muscle aponeurosis its potential weakness makes it a common site for hernias
65
what is inferior lateral medial to the hasselbachs triangle
inferior- inguinal ligament medial- lateral abdominal wall of rectus abdominus lateral- inferior epigastric artery
66
what two points do inguinal canal run from
anterior superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle
67
where do contents pass through in the inguinal canal
through deep inguinal ring and exits through superficial inguinal ring
68
what muscles run from inguinal ligament
transverse abdominus
69
what muscles run over transversus abdominus inserted from inguinal canal
internal oblique
70
what is the conjoint tendon c
connects transverse abdominus and internal oblique to the pecten pubis
71
what are the contents of the inguinal canal
genitalia needs venous arterial and nervous supply males- spermatic cord (contains blood supply, nerves, muscles and ductus deferens) females- genitofemoral nerve, round ligament ilioinguinal nerve
72
what is the round ligament of the uterus
passes through inguinal canal made of fibrous connective tissue and smooth muscle
73
what is the anterior boundary of the inguinal canal
aponeurosis of external oblique reinforced by internal oblique laterally
74
what is the posterior boundary of the inguinal canal
transversalis fascia
75
what is the roof boundary of the inguinal canal
transversalis fascia internal oblique transversus abdominus
76
what is the inferior boundary of the inguinal canal
inguinal ligament (rolled up portion of external oblique aponeurosis, thickened medially by lacunar ligament)
77

fluids and metabolism (22 decks)

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