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Bio L6 (1) Biological Molecules > Carbohdrates > Flashcards

Carbohdrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the elements that carbohydrates are composed of?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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2
Q

What are sugars?

A

Small, water-soluble molecules that taste sweet.

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3
Q

What are the two groups of sugars?

A

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

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4
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

The single units which all other carbohydrates are built with.

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5
Q

What are glucose and fructose both examples of?

A

Monosaccharides

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6
Q

What is the common formula of a carbohydrate?

A

Cx (H20)y

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7
Q

What does carbohydrate actually mean?

A

Hydrated carbon - C and Water - C(H20)

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8
Q

What is the general formula of a monosaccharide?

A

(CH2O)n

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9
Q

Monosccharides are grouped based on what?

A

The number of carbons they have (n).

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10
Q

What is a triose?

A

A monosaccharide with an n value of 3, (3 carbons).

Tri = 3

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11
Q

What is a tetrose?

A

A monosaccharide with an n value of 4, (4 carbons).

tetro = 4

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12
Q

What is a pentose?

A

A monosaccharide with an n value of 5, (5 carbons).

Pent = 5

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13
Q

What is a hexose?

A

A monosaccharide with an n value of 6, (6 carbons).

Hex = 6

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14
Q

What is a heptose?

A

A monosaccharide with an n value of 7, (7 carbons).

Hept = 7

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15
Q

State the formula of glucose:

A

C6H1206

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16
Q

Which category of monosaccharides does glucose fall into?

A

Hexoses - C6H1206

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17
Q

What are isomers?

A

Isomers have the same chemical formula, but have different structural formula.

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18
Q

State two glucose isomers.

A

alpha - glucose

beta - glucose

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19
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides that are chemically joined through a condensation reaction.

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20
Q

What type of reaction can be used to split a disaccharide into two monosaccharides?

A

A hydrolysis reaction.

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21
Q

What are the monosaccharides that make up the disaccharide of Maltose?

A

Maltose = Glucose + Glucose

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22
Q

What are the monosaccharides that make up the disaccharide of Sucrose?

A

Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose

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23
Q

What are the monosaccharides that make up the disaccharide of Lactose?

A

Lactose = Glucose + Galactose

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24
Q

What is the disaccharide known commonly as table sugar?

A

Sucrose

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25
Q

What is the disaccharide known commonly as milk sugar?

A

Lacotse

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26
Q

What is the disaccharide known commonly as malt sugar?

A

Maltose

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27
Q

What do Maltose, Sucrose and Lactose all have in common?

A

They are all disaccharides, furthermore they all contain at least one glucose monosaccharide.

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28
Q

In the formation of a disaccharide from two monosaccharides, what two products are created?

A

The disaccharide and a water molecule.

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29
Q

How can you tell the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

Alpha glucose has an OH group below the first carbon, whereas in the beta glucose, the OH group is above the fist carbon.

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30
Q

Two monosaccharides can be chemically joined in a condensation reaction to create a disaccharide. What is formed when two glucose monomers are joined?

A

Glucose + Glucose = Maltose

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31
Q

Two monosaccharides can be chemically joined in a condensation reaction to create a disaccharide. What is formed when a glucose and fructose monomer are joined?

A

Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

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32
Q

Two monosaccharides can be chemically joined in a condensation reaction to create a disaccharide. What is formed when a glucose and galactose monomer are joined?

A

Glucose + Galactose = Lactose

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33
Q

What is an oligosaccharide?

A

A molecule with between three and ten monosaccharide units.

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34
Q

What is a molecule with more than ten monosaccharide units?

A

A polysaccharide.

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35
Q

How is an oligosaccharide created?

A

Between three and ten monosaccharide units are joined through condensation reactions, releasing water molecules.

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36
Q

What do Glucose, Galactose and Fructose have in common?

A

They are all common monosaccharides from which larger carbohydrates are made from.

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37
Q

What bond is formed during a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides?

A

A glycosidic bond

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38
Q

State the general formula of the following:
- alpha glucose
then
- beta glucose.

A

They have the same general formula, (C6 H12 06)

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39
Q

What is formed by the condensation of Alpha-Glucose?

A

Starch and Glycogen

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40
Q

What is formed by the condensation of Beta-Glucose?

A

Cellulose

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41
Q

What is the valency of the following elements?

  • Carbon,
  • Hydrogen,
  • Oxygen,
  • Nitrogen,
  • Sulfur.
A 
Carbon = 4
Hydrogen = 1
Oxygen = 2
Nitrogen = 3
Sulfur = 2
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42
Q

What do the following all have in common?

  • Alpha glucose,
  • Beta glucose,
  • Fructose,
  • Galactose.
A

They are all hexoses (that have an n value of 6).

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43
Q

What do the following all have in common?

  • Ribose,
  • Deoxyribose.
A

They are all pentoses (that have an n value of 5).

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44
Q

What kind of monosaccharide is a glyceralhyde?

A

A triose (it has an n value of 3)

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45
Q

Where can Sucrose be obtained from?

A

Sucrose can be found in plants such as sugar cane.

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46
Q

Which disaccharide is found in sugar cane?

A

Sucrose.

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47
Q

What is a calorimeter?

A

A device used to quantify colour by measuring transmission or absorbance.

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48
Q

Which compound, amylose or amylopectin would you expect to be hydrolysed faster? Explain why.

A

Amylose, it has more terminal ends where monomers can be broke off from.

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49
Q

State a difference between a pentose and a hexose sugar.

A

A pentose has 5 carbons whereas a hexose has 6 carbons.

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50
Q

Starch is a polymer, state what this means.

A

A chain of repeated monomer units.

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51
Q

Both starch and glycogen can be broken down to provide glucose for respiration. Name the type of reaction from which both are broken down:

A

Hydrolysis reaction.

52
Q

What are small, water-soluble molecules that are sweet tasting?

A

Sugars.

53
Q

Are sugars water-soluble?

A

Sugars are small and water-soluble.

54
Q

Starch is a large polymer that is made from two smaller polymers, state these smaller polymers.

A

Amylose and Amylopectin.

55
Q

Amylose and Amylopectin are two constituents to the polymer of Starch, however they are both polymers of what molecule?

A

Amylose and Amylopectin are both polymers of Glucose.

56
Q

Is Starch soluble or insoluble?

A

Starch is insoluble.

57
Q

What is the function of Starch?

A

Starch stores glucose in plant cells.

58
Q

Why is Starch so ideal for storing glucose?

A

It is insoluble and compact which means it can store lots of glucose in a small space without any dissolving into the cell.

59
Q

In which cells is Starch found?

A

Starch is found solely in plant cells.

60
Q

In plants, how is carbohydrate moved from one region of the plant to another?

A

Sucrose.

61
Q

In animals, what is the main form in which carbohydrate is transported around the body?

A

Glucose.

62
Q

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Oligosaccharides are all types of what?

A

They are all sugars, they are short (less than 10 monomers).

63
Q

Sugars such as oligosaccharides are very sweet, are polysaccharides sweet?

A

Polysaccharides are not sweet like their shorter chain counterparts.

64
Q

Which type of chain do 1 - 4 glycosidic bonds create?

A

1 - 4 Glycosidic bonds form straight chains.

65
Q

Which type of chain do 1 - 6 glycosidic bonds create?

A

1 - 6 Glycosidic bonds form branched chains.

66
Q

What is the difference in the structure of amylose and amylopectin?

A

Amylose contains many 1 - 4 glycosidic bonds and therefore is an unbranched chain. Amylopectin has many 1 - 6 glycosidic bonds which produces highly branched chains.

67
Q

As a storage molecule, starch is broken down into substances for use in the cell. What is starch broken down into?

A

Glucose for respiration and also organic carbon for making organic substances.

68
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Glycogen is an energy storage polysaccharide in animal cells.

69
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Glycogen is an energy storage polysaccharide in animal cells which is found as small granules.

70
Q

Where in particular is glycogen particularly abundant?

A

The liver and muscle cells.

71
Q

Which molecule is commonly referred to as the ‘animal starch’?

A

Glycogen.

72
Q

How is glycogen found?

A

Glycogen is found in small granules.

73
Q

Compare the structure of starch with that of glycogen and how this affects their roles.

A

Glycogen contains more 1 - 6 glycosidic bonds meaning it is much more branched than starch which contains more 1 - 4 bonds. This makes glycogen less dense and more soluble than starch, this means it can be hydrolysed much easier than starch.

74
Q

Suggest why glycogen must be more easily hydrolysed than starch.

A

Glycogen needs to be easier to metabolise because animals require energy more readily than plants.

75
Q

What is cellulose?

A

Cellulose is a tough structural polysaccharide that is a major constituent of plant cell walls.

76
Q

What is a major use of cellulose?

A

Plant cell walls are made largely out of cellulose.

77
Q

Cellulose is completely permeable, suggest why this would be beneficial for its useage as a plant cell wall.

A

It allows water and dissolved substances to enter and leave plant cells freely.

78
Q

How easily is cellulose hydrolysed?

A

Unlike starch and glycogen, cellulose cannot be hydrolysed easily.

79
Q

Even though cellulose is not easy to hydrolyse, animals such as cows can easily digest them. Suggest why this is?

A

They release an enzyme such as cellulase, an enzyme which digests cellulose.

80
Q

What is lignin?

A

A highly complex non-carbohydrate polymer that further strengthens the cellulose in wood.

81
Q

In what cells is cellulose found in?

A

Plant cells only.

82
Q

Name the monomers from which a maltose molecule is made?

A

Glucose and Glucose.

83
Q

Name the type of chemical bond that joins two monomers to form maltose?

A

Alpha 1,4 Glycosidic Bond.

84
Q

Name the monomers that form a cellulose molecule?

A

Beta - glucose.

85
Q

What type of bonds does cellulose contain?

A

1 - 4 glycosidic bonds.

86
Q

What type of bonds do starch contain?

A

1 - 4 and 1 - 6 glycosidic bonds.

87
Q

Explain the difference in the structure of the starch molecule and the cellulose molecule: (2)

A
  • Starch is formed from alpha-glucose but cellulose is formed from beta-glucose.
  • Position of hydrogen and hydroxyl groups on carbon atom 1 is inverted.
88
Q

The enzyme sucrase catalyses the breakdown of sucrose into monosaccharides, what type of reaction is this?

A

Hydrolysis.

89
Q

Describe the biochemical test to show that a solution collected contains a reducing sugar: (2)

A
  • Heat with Benedicts solution

- Brick red formed.

90
Q

Lactose + Water —> Glucose + Galactose

The formula for galactose is C6 H12 06, what is the formula for Lactose?

A

C12 H22 011

91
Q

Describe the test you would carry out on a sample to show that lactose is a reducing sugar. (2)

A
  • Heat with Benedicts solution,

- Brick red.

92
Q

How can you tell the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

In alpha glucose the OH group on Carbon 1 is below the H, whereas on beta glucose the OH group is above.

93
Q

What is a heptose?

A

A monosaccharide with 7 carbons.

94
Q

What is a tetrose?

A

A monosaccharide with 4 carbons.

95
Q

Name two isomers that are carbohydrates / sugars.

A

Alpha and Beta glucose.

96
Q

(Trivial) name for malt sugar?

A

Maltose.

97
Q

(Trivial) name for table sugar?

A

Sucrose.

98
Q

(Trivial) name for milk sugar?

A

Lactose.

99
Q

What enzyme is used to digest milk sugar?

A

Lactase.

100
Q

Which disaccharide is formed from two monosaccharides of glucose?

A

Maltose.

101
Q

Which disaccharide is formed from one monosaccharide of glucose, and one of fructose?

A

Sucrose.

102
Q

Which disaccharide is formed from one monosaccharide of glucose, and one of galactose?

A

Lactose.

103
Q

Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide that is very branched, why would this be a benefit for its function?

A

It reduces density and increases solubility and can easily be broken down to provide rapid energy.

104
Q

Which storage polysaccharide is very branched and why?

A

Glycogen is very branched due to many 1 - 6 glycosidic bonds.

105
Q

Which polysaccharide is formed from alpha glucose units?

A

Starch.

106
Q

Starch is formed from two units of alpha glucose, which are these?

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

107
Q

Starch consists of almost 30% amylose, what other molecule makes up the rest of starch?

A

Amylopectin.

108
Q

Which type of chain is formed through 1 - 6 Glycosidic Bonds?

A

A branched chain.

109
Q

Which type of chain is formed through 1 - 4 Glycosidic Bonds?

A

A straight chain.

110
Q

What is the use of starch?

A

A storage product in plants and broken down for energy for respiration.

111
Q

What is Benedicts test used to find?

A

The presence ofreducing or nn-reducing sugars.

112
Q

Starch and Glycogen are both used as energy stores, what the main difference about them?

A

Starch is storage in plants whereas glycogen is storage in animals.

113
Q

What is the difference between a pentose and hexose sugar?

A

Pentose sugars have 5 carbons while hexose sugars have 6 carbons.

114
Q

Which polysaccharide is formed through the condensation of beta-glucose?

A

Cellulose.

115
Q

Which polysaccharides are formed through the condensation of alpha-glucose?

A

Starch and Glycogen.

116
Q

Is starch branched or unbranched?

A

Starch is unbranched.

117
Q

Name a polysaccharide that is important in plant cell walls.

A

Cellulose.

118
Q

Glycogen can be broken down faster than starch, suggest why this is necessary.

A

Animals have a higher metabolic rate than plants and require energy more readily to facilitate the high rate of respiration.

119
Q

Which type of reaction is catalysed by the enzyme lactase? (lactase)
Lactose + Water ———> Galactose + Monosaccharide X

A

Hydrolysis.

120
Q

Name the monosaccharide X
(lactase)
Lactose + Water ———> Galactose + Monosaccharide X

A

(alpha) Glucose.

121
Q

Describe how you would use a biochemical test to show that a reducing sugar is present. (2)

A
  • Add Benedict’s (reagent) and heat / warm.

- Red / orange / yellow / green (colour); accept brown.

122
Q

A high concentration of galactose slows down the breakdown of lactose by lactase. Use your knowledge of competitive inhibition to suggest why. (2)
(lactase)
Lactose + Water ———> Galactose + Monosaccharide X

A
  • Galactose is a similar shape / structure to lactose / both complimentary.
  • Galactose binds with the active site (of enzyme).
  • Prevents substrate fitting into a.s, fewer e-s complexes formed
123
Q

The following statement is true for how many of these?
(Starch , Cellulose, Glycogen)
- It is found only in plant cells.

A

Only starch is true.

124
Q

The following statement is true for how many of these?
(Starch , Cellulose, Glycogen)
- It contains glycosidic bonds.

A

All three contain glycosidic bonds as they are all carbohydrate molecules.

125
Q

The following statement is true for how many of these?
(Starch , Cellulose, Glycogen)
- It contains beta-glucose.

A

Only Cellulose.

126
Q

The following statement is true for how many of these?
(Starch , Cellulose, Glycogen)
- It contains alpha-glucose.

A

Starch and Glycogen.

127
Q

A quantitative Benedict’s test produces a colour whose intensity depends upon the concentration of reducing sugar in a solution. A calorimeter can be used to measure the intensity of this colour.
A scientist used the test to produce a calibration curve of calorimeter reading against concentration of maltose. Describe how the scientist would have produced the results in the graph.

A
  • Use maltose solutions of different known concentrations.
  • Carry out Benedicts test on each of these.
  • Use calorimeter to measure the intensity of colour for each solution.
  • Plot the results on a graph, creating a calibration curve.
  • Find concentration of sample from calibration curve.

Bio L6 (1) Biological Molecules (13 decks)

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