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QUIZ GENE FINALS > carbo > Flashcards

carbo Flashcards

1
Q

The word carbohydrate is derived from the French word

A

hydrate de carbone.

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2
Q

are more appropriately defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes, ketones, alcohols or acids,

A

carbohydrates

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3
Q

Carbohydrates represent 75% of plants’ dry weight indicating that _______ are characteristically carbohydrates.

A

plant tissues

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4
Q

photosynthesis

A

CO2 + 6H20 + 673 kcal <—-> C6H12O6 + 6H20

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5
Q

Only ________ carbohydrates are present in particular tissues (blood,
liver and muscle).

A

1-1.50%

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6
Q

monosaccharides with aldehyde group

A
  1. glucose
  2. galactose
  3. mannose
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7
Q

monosaccharides with ketone group

A
  1. fructose
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8
Q

hexoses:

A
  1. glucose
  2. fructose
  3. galactose
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9
Q

most important sugar in nutrition; major end product of
carbohydrate digestion in non-ruminants

A

glucose

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10
Q

only important ketose in nature; the sweetest of the carbohydrates; 75% of sugar in honey is _______

A

fructose

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11
Q

component of milk sugar

A

galactose

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12
Q

pentose:

A
  1. D-ribose
  2. D-xylose, D-arabinose
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13
Q

disacchardies:

A
  1. maltose
  2. cellobiose
  3. sucrose
  4. lactose
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14
Q

two α-D-glucose units joined by α-1,4- glycosidic bond

A

maltose

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15
Q

two β-D-glucose units joined by β-1,4- glycosidic bond

A

cellobiose

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16
Q

glucose + fructose

A

sucrose

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17
Q

glucose + galactose

A

lactose

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18
Q

trisaccharides:

A

raffinose

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19
Q

tetrasaccharides:

A

stachyose

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20
Q

pentasaccharide:

A

verbascose

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21
Q

galactose + glucose + fructose

A

raffinose

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22
Q

raffinose + glucose

A

stachyose

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23
Q

raffinose + two glucose

A

verbascose

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24
Q

repeating units of maltose or glucose

A

starch

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25
Q

-with straight chain joined by α-1,4 linkage;
-reserve carbohydrate in plants;
-abundant in cereal grains/seeds;
-livestock primary energy source

A

starch

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26
Q

2 forms of starch

A

amylose, amylopectin

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27
Q

-Animal starch
-α-D-glucose units;
-structure similar to amylopectin of starch but highly branched

A

glycogen

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28
Q

-most abundant polymer in the plant kingdom

A

cellulose

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29
Q

-basic structure of plant cell walls
-β-D-glucose units joined by β-1,4 linkage
-resistant to animal digestive enzyme
-but susceptible to microbial enzyme cellulase.

A

cellulose

30
Q

group of complex carbohydrates that are closely associated with cellulose;
- also in plant cell wall

A

hemicellulose

31
Q
  • not a true carbohydrate;
  • encases the cellulose and
    hemicellulose providing structural support and mechanical strength
    to plants;
  • resistant to both animal digestive and microbial enzymes.
A

lignin

32
Q

glucose + glucose, by a-1,4- glycosidic linkage

A

maltose

33
Q

The dietary carbohydrates of particular importance in non-ruminants are
___________________ since these are digestible.

A

amylose, amylopectin, lactose and sucrose

34
Q

The dietary carbohydrates have to be hydrolyzed into ____________ for absorption

A

glucose, galactose
and fructose

35
Q

_____________lack the necessary enzymes for digestion of non-
starch polysaccharides (NSP).

A

Non-ruminant animals

36
Q
  • Some enzymatic digestion
    of starch occurs in the
    mouth, due to the action of
    the enzyme salivary ____
  • ________ starts to break the
    long glucose chains of starch
    into shorter chains, some as
    small as maltose.
A

amylase

37
Q

Most carbohydrate digestion occurs in the ___________

A

small intestine

38
Q

is secreted from the pancreas into the small intestine, and
like salivary amylase, it breaks starch down to small oligosaccharides and maltose

A

pancreatic amylase

39
Q

The rest of the work of carbohydrate digestion is done by enzymes produced by the _______, the cells lining the small intestine.

A

enterocytes

40
Q

Maltose is digested by __________,
forming 2 glucose molecules

A

maltase

41
Q

Lactose is digested by _____, forming glucose and galactose

A

lactase

42
Q

Sucrose is digested by ______,
forming glucose and fructose

A

sucrase

43
Q

____________ are converted to glucose in the liver.

A

Fructose and galactose

44
Q

Once absorbed carbohydrates pass through the liver, ______ is the main form of carbohydrate circulating in the bloodstream.

A

glucose

45
Q

Undigested carbohydrates in the small intestine, mainly fiber, pass into the _________

A

large intestine

46
Q

No enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates

A

large intestine

47
Q

__________ living in the large intestine ferment carbohydrates

A

Bacteria

48
Q

The diet of _______ is
composed of large amounts of
carbohydrates in the form of
cellulose and hemicellulose
(largely from roughage) and
some amounts of starch and
mono and disaccharides.

A

ruminants

49
Q

The ___________ play a
major role in the degradation of
carbohydrates and its eventual
absorption.

A

rumen microflora

50
Q

in cellulose digestion of microbial fermentation, it produces

A

acetate, proprionate, butyrate

51
Q

The _______________ are absorbed directly across the rumen wall and eventually metabolized as source of energy.

A

volatile fatty acids (VFA)

52
Q

The production of high amounts of _________ is a concern not only from the standpoint of efficiency of carbohydrate digestion but also with respect to
its effect to the environment, particularly the destruction of the ozone
layer.

A

methane CH4

53
Q

For animals producing milk to be processed into butter, it is important that
they be fed diet that effect reasonably high production of

A

acetic acid
(feeding hay).

54
Q

On the contrary, fattening animals should be fed diet that favor production
of

A

propionic acid (feeding grains).

55
Q

Basic processes through which energy rich compounds pass

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. tricarboxylic acid (krebs/citric)
  3. oxidative phosphorylation
56
Q
  • The energy currency in the animal’s body
  • The energy source for myriad of reactions
  • Gives and receives energy during the process of energy metabolism
  • Carrier of phosphoryl group from high to low energy compound
  • Compounds analogous to ATP: guanine triphosphate (GTP), uridine
    triphosphate (UTP), and cytidine triphosphate (CTP)
A

ATP

57
Q

Electron carriers in the biological oxidation-reduction process

A

NAD, NADH2, FAD, NADP

58
Q

Compounds formed in the different pathways of energy
metabolism

A
  1. Adenosine triphosphate
  2. carbon dioxide
  3. water
59
Q

anerobic process which
means that it proceeds
without the need for oxygen

A

glycolysis

60
Q

Sequence of chemical
reactions in which the
acetyl portion of Acetyl
CoA is degraded into CO2
and H2

A

tricarboxylic acid cycle

61
Q
  • The reactions occur in
    the matrix of
    mitochondria
  • Reactions are aerobic
    (oxygen is involved)
A

tricarboxylic acid

62
Q

is the only VFA found in appreciable quantities in the
peripheral circulation; complete metabolism of acetate yields 12 moles
ATP

A

acetic acid

63
Q
  • is removed from the portal circulation by the
    liver and then is converted to glucose;
  • it serves as the primary source of
    glucose for the ruminants;
  • the ATP yield in the complete metabolism of
    __________ is 17 moles per mole pyruvate or 34 moles glucose
    equivalent
A

propionic acid

64
Q
  • is absorbed as ketone body and metabolized as Acetyl CoA;
  • the net ATP yield upon its complete oxidation is 25 mole.
A

butyric acid

65
Q

metabolism of volatile fatty acids

A
  1. acetic acid
  2. propionic acid
  3. butyric acid
66
Q
  • formation of glycogen from glucose
  • prevents marked elevation of blood sugar
  • Facilitated by insulin
A

glycogenesis

67
Q
  • reconversion of glycogen into glucose
  • prevents a condition of low blood sugar
  • ____________ in the muscle is facilitated by the hormone
    epinephrine and glucagon
A

glycogenolysis

68
Q
  • The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
    (e.g. amino acids and glycerol)
  • is stimulated by the hormones glucagon, growth hormone,
    epinephrine, and cortisol
A

Gluconeogenesis

69
Q
  • The amount of carbohydrate that is formed as glycogen is
    limited.
  • When glycogen stored has reached the maximum (1.5%),
    carbohydrates are then stored as fat.
  • Stimulated by insulin
A

conversion of glucose to fat

70
Q

metabolic conversions of carbohydrates

A

glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, conversion of glucose to fat

QUIZ GENE FINALS (9 decks)

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